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Chapter 19 Air Pollution

Chapter 19 Air Pollution. Atmosphere as a Resource. Atmospheric Composition N: 78.08% O: 20.95% Ar : 0.93% CO 2 : 0.04% Ecosystem services Blocks UV radiation Moderates the climate Redistributes water. Air Pollution - Terminology. Air Pollution

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Chapter 19 Air Pollution

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  1. Chapter 19Air Pollution

  2. Atmosphere as a Resource Atmospheric Composition N: 78.08% O: 20.95% Ar: 0.93% CO2: 0.04% Ecosystem services Blocks UV radiation Moderates the climate Redistributes water

  3. Air Pollution - Terminology Air Pollution Chemicals added to the atmosphere by natural events or human activities in high enough concentrations to be harmful Primary Air Pollutant Harmful substance that is emitted directly into the atmosphere Secondary Air Pollutant Harmful substance formed in the atmosphere when a primary air pollutant reacts with substances normally found in the atmosphere or with other air pollutants

  4. Major Air Pollutants

  5. Particulate Material Thousands of solid or liquid particles suspended in air Ex: soil particles, soot, lead, asbestos, sea salt, and sulfuric acid droplets Dangerous toxic/carcinogenic effects

  6. Nitrogen and Sulfur Oxides Nitrogen Oxides Greenhouse gases that cause difficulty breathing Sulfur Oxides Causes acid precipitation Carbon Oxides Ex: CO and CO2 Greenhouse gases Hydrocarbons- ex: CH4- methane Some are related to photochemical smog and greenhouse gases

  7. Ozone Tropospheric Ozone- Man- made pollutant Secondary air pollutant Component of photochemical smog VS. Stratospheric Ozone-

  8. Sources of Outdoor Air Pollution Two main sources 1. Transportation 2. Industry

  9. Urban Air Pollution Photochemical Smog formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight, nitrogen oxide, and hydrocarbons

  10. Formation of Photochemical Smog

  11. Sources of Smog in Los Angeles

  12. Effects of Air Pollution Low level exposure Irritates eyes Causes inflammation of respiratory tract Can develop into chronic respiratory diseases

  13. Children and Air Pollution Greater health threat to children than adults Air pollution can restrict lung development Children breath more often than adults

  14. Controlling Air Pollution Without Electrostatic precipitator With Electrostatic precipitator

  15. Controlling Air Pollution Smokestacks with scrubbers Particulate material can also be controlled

  16. The Clean Air Act 1970 Authorizes EPA to set limits on amount of specific air pollutants permitted Focuses on 6 pollutants: lead, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone

  17. The Clean Air Act

  18. Urban Air Quality

  19. Other Ways to Improve Air Quality Reduce sulfur content in gasoline Require federal emission standards for all passenger vehicles Require emission testing for all vehicles

  20. Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere Ozone Protects earth from UV radiation

  21. Ozone Depletion in Stratosphere Ozone thinning/hole First identified in 1985 over Antarctica Caused by human-produced bromine and chlorine containing chemicals Ex: CFCs

  22. Effects of Ozone Depletion Higher levels of UV-radiation hitting the earth Eye cataracts Skin cancer (right) Weakened immunity May disrupt ecosystems May damage crops and forests

  23. Recovery of Ozone Layer Montreal Protocol (1987) Reduction of CFCs Started using HCFCs (greenhouse gas) Full recovery will not occur until 2050

  24. Acid Deposition Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions react with water vapor in the atmosphere and form acids that return to the surface as either dry or wet deposition pH scale

  25. How Acid Deposition Develops

  26. Effects of Acid Deposition Declining Aquatic Animal Populations Thin-shelled eggs prevent bird reproduction Calcium is unavailable in acidic soil Forest decline

  27. Acid Deposition and Forest Decline

  28. Air Pollution Around the World Air quality is deteriorating rapidly in developing countries Developing countries have older cars Shenyang, China Residents only see sunlight a few weeks each year 5 worst cities in world Beijing, China; Mexico City, Mexico; Shanghai, China; Tehran, Iran; and Calcutta, India

  29. Case-In-Point Air Pollution in Beijing and Mexico City Beijing (left) Mexico City (above)

  30. Long Distance Transport of Air Pollutants Global Distillation Effect

  31. Indoor Air Pollution Pollutants can be 5-100X greater than outdoors!

  32. Ahhhhh Clean Car Smell Over sixty chemicals were identified inside the interiors of the four vehicles in this study. • Ten Most ToxicNissan Versa Chevy Aveo Scion xB Kia Rio Suzuki Forenza Kia Spectra 5 Subaru Forester Chevy Express Hyundai Accent Chevy Silverado • Ten Least ToxicChevy Cobalt Chrysler PT Cruiser Honda Odyssey Volvo V50 Suzuki Aerio Acura RDX BMW X3 Nissan Frontier Toyota Matrix Volvo S40 volatile organic chemicals (VOC’s) in a new minivan were over 35 times the health limit the day after its delivery

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