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Fish Health

Fish Health. Fish Health. 2006 NASS US Trout Production 27.81 million trout lost Disease Classification Noninfectious, infectious Noninfectious Caused by environmental problems with which the fish cannot cope Infectious

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Fish Health

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  1. Fish Health

  2. Fish Health • 2006 NASS US Trout Production • 27.81 million trout lost • Disease Classification • Noninfectious, infectious • Noninfectious • Caused by environmental problems with which the fish cannot cope • Infectious • Microbial pathogens: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and metozoa (-todes) • Infectious usually preceded by noninfectious

  3. A healthy fish • Behavior • Color • Fins • Skin • Gills • Internal organs

  4. In the real world • Common pathogens may be in your system. • For all practical purposes a “disease free” population, especially in a open system, is a myth. Pathogens can be present but may not be expressed.

  5. Certification • A population is tested for specific pathogens. • A number of fish are taken so there is 95% confidence that the population sampled is free of specific pathogens. • Lot certification vs. facility certification. • Facility certification is not valid if animals are brought into the facility from another source after certification has been obtained. • Currently no certification system in place for WV growers, but there is progress within WV DAg.

  6. Biosecurity • Facility Design • Origin of your fish • Minimize potential for transmission • Predators • Hauling tanks • Dipnets • Boots – Footbath. • Anything else you can think of.

  7. How are fish placed at risk for disease?

  8. Ways to place your fish at risk • Purchase unhealthy fish • Physical damage • Handling Stress • Transportation • Harvest • High Density • Do nothing to limit transmission of the disease from one group of fish to another.

  9. Ways to place your fish at risk • Nutrition and feeding • Poor quality feed • Not enough feed • Pellets too large or too small • Poor Feed distribution • Environmental Factors • Temperature • Water Quality • Turbidity • Solid Waste • Oxygen • Ammonia • Nitrite

  10. Predisposing factors • Bacterial gill disease – Crowding, unfavorable environmental condition, and presence of causative bacteria, elevated ammonia, particulate material in water. • Columnaris – Crowding, handling, seining, adverse temperature, other infectious diseases. • Furunculosis – low oxygen, handling when A. salmonicida is endemic.

  11. Fish Disease? • Signs there may be a problem • Loss of appetite • Poor Feed Conversion • Change in behavior • Lethargic • Gathering at head or tail of raceways • Flashing • Visible soars or lesions • Dead Fish

  12. Identifying the problem • Always look for signs of disease • Monitor water quality • Learn about the patterns for particular fish diseases. • When a problem is evident, act quickly ! • Examine the fish, WQ, history of the system. • Consult with other fish folks. A digital photograph may help. • Send a live sample to diagnostic lab.

  13. Response to Disease signs • Stop feeding • Change water/ improve water quality • Remove organic matter • Add Salt • Do nothing • Reduce density • Change environment • Expose to chemical treatment • Antibiotics in the feed

  14. Infectious • Viral • IPN • Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis • Young trout • Vertically transmitted to egg • IHN • Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis • Rainbow trout • VHS • Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia

  15. Infectious • Bacterial • Bacterial Gill Disease • Most common disease of cultured trout • Stress mediated (EGD) • Columnaris • Usually external infection • Furunculosis • Aeromonas salmonicida

  16. Infectious • Protozoan “Parasites” • External • Ichthyophthirius multifiliis • “Ich” • Internal • Myxosoma cerebralis • “Whirling disease” • Common signs • “Jumping”, “Flashing”, “Darting”

  17. Some common treatments • Salt (Nitrites, stress, external parasites) • 0.1 to 0.2 % indefinite • 1 to 3% as a bath • Paracide F (Formalin) • 24 hour 25 mg/l drip, introduce at 30 ppm. • Hydrogen Peroxide - • Copper Sulfate – for filamentous algae and parasite, • depends on water softness, Trout and Koi are sensitive to this treatment. • Potassium Permanganate – “Oxidizing agent”

  18. Treatments • Control/Prevention • Vaccination • Treatment • Antibiotics • Tetracycline * • Romet • Florfenicol (Aquaflor)

  19. Disinfection - IPN • Clean the surface (pressure wash) • Scrub with detergents (e.g. simple green) to break up organic • Chlorine 200 ppm • Able to neutralize Chlorine with sodium thiosulfate • 7 mg for each mg of chlorine

  20. Laboratory Diagnosis • Most accurate way to determine cause of infection • Call first • Select and pack fish according to recommendations • Fish Diagnostic Labs • State Veterinary Lab – Guthrie Center, WV • Brenda Keavey 558-2214 ext. 4570 • Micro Technologies, Maine • (207) 737-2637

  21. Preparing for Disease • Keep common chemicals and drugs used to treat diseases on hand • Select a lab for disease testing • Contact information • Sampling and shipping guidelines • Shipping and transport containers • It is not a question of IFyou will have a disease problem but WHEN • Keep good production records • Many diseases reoccur at certain times or under certain conditions

  22. Some Sources of Information • GUIDE TO DRUG, VACCINE, AND PESTICIDE USE IN AQUACULTURE • http://aquanic.org/jsa/wgqaap/drugguide/drugguide.htm • Fish Hatchery Management edited by Gary Wedemeyer. • Diseases of Warmwater Fish and Trout Diseases (DVD). Kentucky State University. • A Manual for Rainbow Trout Production on the Family-Owned Farm by George Klontz • Health Maintenance of Cultured Fishes by John Plumb. • Fact sheets – www.aquanic.org

  23. Questions?? Comments

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