The Role of Security in Event’s Management

1. The Role of Security in Event’s Management by Wilson A. Inalegwu (Deputy Commissioner of Police Presidential/VIP Movement, State House, Abuja)

2. INTRODUCTION DEFINITION OF TERMS ____________ • Event: • Any occasion that brings a number of people together in a specified location. • Characteristics: • People from different social classes are involved • A specific purpose for gathering • A place (venue) is indicated • Time and date are also specified Our presence today in a “National Conference on Event Management” is a practical example of an event. Also the recently concluded “National Centenary Celebration”, represents a mega event. Be it a political rally, religious convention, cultural festival, Independence Day celebration, international conferences, fund raisings, society wedding or book launch; all these represent in their own categories, different typologies of events. ____________________ Many thanks to: am grateful to: The Organisers of this Event More especially, I am grateful to the Inspector General of Police, IGP M.D. Abubakar For granting the permission to share the police experience with you. Thanks too, to all of you, ladies and gentlemen who, like me, have been invited to participate in this occasion aimed at making Nigeria a better and stronger Nation for our people.

3. INTRODUCTION DEFINITION OF TERMS CTD ____________ B. Security: • For an Individual: It is the freedom to think, move and live without fear of threats and danger • For a state or institution: It is safety from internal and external threats, espionage, criminal activities or terrorism which could hinder it from performing its constitutional or statutory powers. • For Security Providers: It involves all measures taken in order to guarantee the safety of people’s life and property under their control. • Factors: • a) Threat (T) (Insecurity) • b) Life • c) Property (Assets) (A) • d) Protector (Responsibility –state, organisers, etc .) Other connotations: Assurance, countermeasure, defence, risk, threat, vulnerability, exploit, etc Security is “reducing the risk to critical infrastructure by physical means or defence cyber measures to intrusions, attacks , or the effects of natural or manmade disasters.” Resilience is “the ability to prepare for and adapt to changing conditions, and withstand and recover rapidly from disruptions... deliberate attacks, accidents, or naturally occurring threats or incidents” – US Dept. Of Homeland Security, Presidential Policy Directives, PPD-21 Security is “a function of the presence and interaction of Asset (A), Protector (P) and Threat (T) in a given situation (Si)”. ____________________ In every event, it is the responsibility of the organisers to plan and provide security to cover all the workers and guests through out their presence in the venue. In Nigeria, however, the Police has the primacy of providing safety and security . It is a constitutional mandate which empowers the police to act and lead this role among other agencies.

4. NIGERIA POLICE FORCE (NPF) STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF NIGERIA POLICE FORCE (NPF) ____________ Established by the Constitution: “There shall be a police force for Nigeria, which shall be known as the Nigeria Police Force, and subject to the provisions of this section no other police force shall be established for the Federation or any part thereof.” Sec 214(2)a Sec 215(2) Describes the Structure Police Act 1990 – Elaborates its functions _______________ Brief History- Since the establishment of the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) in 1930 the Police has been tasked with the major responsibility of maintaining law and order. There is a lot of literature describing the history of the NPF since the skeletal features of the Consular Guards of 1861 in the Lagos Colony, the paramilitary group of the Hausa Constabulary in 1879 and the Lagos Police in 1896. These were operating as different colonial constabularies addressing the challenges of providing security, law and order until the formation of the Northern and Southern Protectorates in 1900. Consequently, the Northern Nigeria Police and the Southern Nigeria Police were created. The amalgamation of the protectorates in 1914 to form a one Nigerian nation did not however lead to a one Nigeria Police Force until 1930. The NPF has undergone a lot of evolution and continues to develop in its course to provide conventional policing functions, provision of internal security, supporting other agencies such as the immigration, customs, prisons and others. Beyond the shores of Nigeria, the NPF equally participates in International Missions and other exercises in which the country is involved with other nations.

5. NIGERIA POLICE FORCE (NPF) NIGERIA POLICE FORCE (NPF) ____________ THE FUNCTIONS According to the Police Act 1990, Section 4, “The police shall be employed for the” • prevention and detection of crime, • apprehension offenders, • preservation of law and order, • protection of life and property and • enforcement of all laws and regulations with which they are directly charged and shall • perform such military duties within or outside Nigeria as may be required of them by, or under the authority of this or any other act.” FUNCTIONS

6. NIGERIA POLICE FORCE (NPF) NIGERIA POLICE FORCE (NPF) ____________ THE VISSION Making Nigeria • Safer and more secure • for economic development and growth” and create • Safe and secure environment • for everyone living in Nigeria”. VISSION

7. NIGERIA POLICE FORCE (NPF) NIGERIA POLICE FORCE (NPF) ____________ THE MISSION • “To partner with other relevant Security Agencies and the public in gathering, collating and sharing information and intelligence with the intention of ensuring the safety and security of the country • To participate in efforts aimed at addressing the root causes of crime while ensuring that any criminal act is investigated so as to bring the criminals to justice in a fair and professional manner • To engender an efficient, effective, well-trained and highly motivated workforce, with deliberate efforts aimed at improving the capacity and welfare of all officers and men of the Force...” (Nigeria Police Force Website, 2014). MISSION

8. SECURITY DURING EVENTS SECURITY OPERATIONS DURING EVENTS ____________ THE 3 PHASES A global concept and practice of events’ security revolves around three main phases • The Pre-event Planning, • During the Event’s celebration and • After the event has closed. Categories of Events in Nigeria Government Political Social Religious and Private Police Participation -In practice, the level of Police involvement in any occasion, its security and management depends on the type of event. Government/Political occasions draws the full attention and machinery of the police Social Events (football, music concerts, trade union strikes, community festivals ) also involves Religious manifestation is drawing major police presence, especially due to terrorism Private celebrations, however attracts less intensity but also quality security services.

9. SECURITY DURING EVENTS PHASES ONE The Pre-event Planning ___________ Security issues to be considered at the planning stage involve the following: • Choice of venue; location, safety features and suitability • Threats and risk assessment of the venue • Safety designs of the event’s premises • Fire safety arrangements /Fire fighting • Emergency/Major Incident Management Procedures • Crowd Control/Conflict Management Procedures • Transport/Traffic Control assuring quick access and exit from the venue • Communication Protocols • Medical Services, Ambulance, First Aid and hospitalisation logistics • Definition of responsibilities and assignment of functions A mind boggling task of security during events is about planning, planning and more planning. Every event has an organising committee. Beside this group, a subcommittee is set up to consider and manage security at every stage of the event. Security agencies work in tandem with communities and stakeholders in planning safety procedures and action during occasions. These communities and stakeholders’ consent is always needed in formulating security policies. Researches show that neglecting the input of community stakeholders have stalled events and marred security during important occasions

10. SECURITY DURING EVENTS PHASES ONE The Pre-event Planning (Police Operations) • Police security operations on the day of an event follow all the elements that have been drawn up in an Operations’ Order. • This order outlines the • situation, • mission, • responsibility of each unit, • timing and general administration of the entire security operations. • The different unitsin the NPF which come to play during event’s security include the; • Police Mobile Force, • Anti Bomb Unit, • Force Intelligence Bureau, • Force Animal Sector, • Communication/Control Unit, • Anti-terrorism Unit, • Traffic Police and any other special unit drawn up by the IGP to cover special functions. During major events in Nigeria, the Inspector General of Police (IGP) usually chairs and supervises security committee during major events. As need arises there could be the necessity to create other sub-committees under the security umbrella to define and control areas. Depending on the intensity of an event, the IGP invites other security agencies such as the Military and the DSS. Collaboration among agencies and other parastatals spreads down to organs such as the NSCDC, FRSC, NEMA, VIO, and the Fire Service.

11. SECURITY DURING EVENTS LEGAL ISSUES FOUNDATION OF SECURITY IN EVENT’S MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA __________ • The Health and Safety Law is the foundation that provides the background for inspection, control, enforcement and further policy making under any working environment. This applies to events and should be the guiding manual for events security management. In this case organisers should be held responsible and treated as factories, institutions or businesses. • The History of Health and Safety Law in Nigeria • Fashioned according to analogous law in the UK (Health and Safety at Work, 1974) • Unfortunately has not evolved much beyond its early concepts – at lease in practice • Existing documents are; Factory Acts of 1987, 1990 and 2004. Others are those presented in 2006 and the last at the table of the House dates 2012. • Rotimi Williams (2000) intervened in a essay submitted to the Ministry of Health, accusing wide negligence of the existing laws • The lacuna affects the areas and successful prosecution of offenders. • The Case of Uke, Holy Ghost Adoration CentreAnambra State 2nd September 2013, where over 29 people were killed during a stampede. Media reported widely the war of words, between politicians, but less on responsibilities of organisers and compensation for victims • As a practice, the police expects organizers of major events to inform it and request for security coverage well ahead of the date of the event to enable adequate preparations for a hitch free celebration. • Legal issues on security at event’s management in Nigeria focuses on Responsibilities. They deserve serious analyses and implementation. Just as in many other countries there is a legal foundation that obliges organisers, firms and other groups handling events to provide security and create a healthy environment where people visit or work. The history and practice of such a law in Nigeria, unfortunately, seems not to have evolved beyond the standards practiced in the United Kingdom (Health and Safety at Work, 1974) which have been modified and applied to variegated circumstances. While events’ area and the concept of public spaces where functions and manifestations could be held are clearly defined in the Western world, Nigeria is yet to emerge from the Factory Acts of 1987, 1990 and 2004. Further attempts were made in 2006 and recently towards the end of 2012 to provide improved legislative framework in Health and Safety. It will be recalled that on Saturday, 2 November 2013, at The Holy Ghost Adoration Centre, Uke in Anambra State there was a stampede which caused human casualties of over 29 persons during a religious event. Media coverage widely reported the fallouts and trading of blame for responsibilities. On the other hand, it must be acknowledged that by rigorously enforcing and policing of existing norms there have been reduced records of severe Health and Safety breaches caused by the confused state of adequate legal instrument

12. KEY ISSUES • Crowd/Conflict Management • Crowd control receives an elaborate attention during the planning stage of every event. In every police security operation at major events, a committee carefully plans and monitors crowd safety. It begins by identifying hazards, organising movements, sweeping the venue, detailing and positioning officers at key posts, establishing duties and responsibilities. Using intelligence gathering and real time information via surveillance techniques the police is able to cover the two most important areas of crowd safety, namely; audience profile and crowd dynamics. • Pre-vent planning committee would work on the profile of persons who would form the crowd. A sporting event, such as football, brings together fans of two different clubs. It is always expected that there could be clashes if one group meets another in the venue. Consequently, club fans are grouped differently at opposite wings. Equally VIPs sit at restricted areas. • During such events, all the apparatuses of security, beginning from traffic control, access and exit points are adequately manned and freed of obstacles. Screening and searching at points of entry reduces the risk of sabotage or criminal acts during the occasion. Dividing the crowd into groups, assigning monitoring/control personnel helps to enhance crowd security by preventing crowd surge. It also helps to control movement and avoid stamped in case of evacuation. FOCUS ON KEY ISSUES ON EVENT’S SECURITY ____________ THREAT AND RISK MANAGEMENT (Police Operations) • During planning sessions for an event • Force Intelligence Bureau (FIB) together with the Directorate of State Security (DSS) analyse the level of threats and risks attached to an event. • Based on available intelligence they weigh the nature and strength of risks to • a) persons, • b) property • c) loss of revenue for the event, • d) increased responsibility/liability due to negligence and also e) the damages of reputation which reduces the possibility of people not coming to such occasions again • With regard to threats instead, the focus is on; • identifying potential threats (such as burglary, kidnapping, assaults, fire incidents, vandalism, terrorism, protests and natural disaster; • making attempts to prevent those threats from happening, • preparing reparatory procedures in case the threats occur and • Preparing cost estimates of the threats and actions to counter them • Threat and Risk Management • Crowd/Conflict Management • Major Crisis/Emergency • Communication / Control Centre • Training and Staffing Event’s Security • Impact on Businesses/ City Life

13. KEY ISSUES ON EVENT’S PLANNING FOCUS ON KEY ISSUES ON EVENT’S SECURITY ____________ CROWD/CONFLICT MANAGEMENT • It begins by • identifying hazards, • organising movements, • sweeping the venue, • detailing and positioning officers at key posts, • establishing duties and responsibilities. • Using intelligence and real time information via surveillance techniques to cover the two most important areas of crowd safety, namely; • audience profile and • crowd dynamics. • During such events, all the apparatuses of security are properly manned and free of obstacles: Attention calls on • traffic control, • access point • exit points • Screening and searching at points of entry reduces the risk of sabotage or criminal acts during the occasion. • Dividing the crowd into groups, CROWD/CONFLICT MANAGEMENT Crowd control receives an elaborate attention during the planning stage of every event. In every police security operation at major events, a committee carefully plans and monitors crowd safety. Pre-vent planning committee would work on the profile of persons who would form the crowd. A sporting event, such as football, brings together fans of two different clubs. It is always expected that there could be clashes if one group meets another in the venue. Consequently, club fans are grouped differently at opposite wings. Equally VIPs sit at restricted areas. Constant monitoring of crowd dynamics helps to enhance crowd security by preventing crowd surge. It also helps to control movement and avoid stamped in case of evacuation.

14. KEY ISSUES ON EVENT’S PLANNING • Crowd/Conflict Management • Crowd control receives an elaborate attention during the planning stage of every event. In every police security operation at major events, a committee carefully plans and monitors crowd safety. It begins by identifying hazards, organising movements, sweeping the venue, detailing and positioning officers at key posts, establishing duties and responsibilities. Using intelligence gathering and real time information via surveillance techniques the police is able to cover the two most important areas of crowd safety, namely; audience profile and crowd dynamics. • Pre-vent planning committee would work on the profile of persons who would form the crowd. A sporting event, such as football, brings together fans of two different clubs. It is always expected that there could be clashes if one group meets another in the venue. Consequently, club fans are grouped differently at opposite wings. Equally VIPs sit at restricted areas. • During such events, all the apparatuses of security, beginning from traffic control, access and exit points are adequately manned and freed of obstacles. Screening and searching at points of entry reduces the risk of sabotage or criminal acts during the occasion. Dividing the crowd into groups, assigning monitoring/control personnel helps to enhance crowd security by preventing crowd surge. It also helps to control movement and avoid stamped in case of evacuation. FOCUS ON KEY ISSUES ON EVENT’S SECURITY ____________ MAJOR CRISIS AND EMERGENCY • Security Planning for Events, creates a Crisis Management Team • A general crisis management team assigns persons, functions and responsibilities in case of emergencies. • The purpose of an emergency team is to identify the following: • Key decision making persons both among the organisers and the police • Decision to and when to stop the event in case of crisis • Identification of emergency routes, access and emergency exit routes • Involvement of emergency service providers • Procedures of alerting security personnel, stewards, workers and other key persons • Modalities of warning the public and advising them on what to do in order to avoid further casualties • Defining scripts of Public Announcements • Location of hospitals and alerting, medics and paramedics • Management of Media and Press briefings • Major Crisis/Emergency • A major crisis can be a situation requiring • Treatment, rescue, transportation of a large number of casualties to the hospital • Evacuation of a large number of persons to a safe ground, • Management of a large number of enquiries due to general crisis, • Mobilisation of all possible number of persons to help with the crisis. (Stone, 2007). • Generally a successful emergency handling procedures during events is achieved through multi-agency collaboration.

15. KEY ISSUES ON EVENT’S PLANNING FOCUS ON KEY ISSUES ON EVENT’S SECURITY COMMUNICATION AND CONTROL CENTRE (JOINT OPERATION CENTRE) Without clear and effective communication security cannot be guaranteed during events • During Event’s Planning it is necessary to obtain intelligence and information about the following • The nature of the event • The arrangements by the organisers • The commercial settings, ticketing, contracts, etc. • There must be a clear and distinct method of communication: example in: • a) naming control points and certain key persons, • b) labelling muster points and key areas around the venue • c) colour codes for expressing security conditions • d) contact protocols for establishing communication • e) identifying uniformed men and distinguishing police officers from imposters • In all there is the need for a framework that allows for effective communication: • Within each organisation (individual emergence services, event organiser, stewarding organisations and the local government personnel) • Between different agencies (Police, Military, DSS, FRSC, Fire Services, Ambulances Operators, paramedics, etc) The same framework involves and applies to both those at site and offsite so that • Organisations which need to respond to event on site can be easily contacted Communication/Control Centre Effective communication’s management during events guarantees the success of the entire security apparatus. During mega events, it might be necessary to establish a communication committee to comprise personnel from different agencies that have responsibility for providing security for the event. These would further establish and assign signals, frequencies and methods to different agencies and units. The use of Radios and codes is the norm in Nigeria, but this process can be slowed down due to several factors rendering communication unclear. Like in many international experiences, the police integrate the use of radios with mobile telephoning. In cases where such phones are fitted with the Global Positioning System (GPS), the command centre can create a full map of operational personnel within an event (Bickel and Connor, 2013).

16. KEY ISSUES ON EVENT’S PLANNING • Crowd/Conflict Management • Crowd control receives an elaborate attention during the planning stage of every event. In every police security operation at major events, a committee carefully plans and monitors crowd safety. It begins by identifying hazards, organising movements, sweeping the venue, detailing and positioning officers at key posts, establishing duties and responsibilities. Using intelligence gathering and real time information via surveillance techniques the police is able to cover the two most important areas of crowd safety, namely; audience profile and crowd dynamics. • Pre-vent planning committee would work on the profile of persons who would form the crowd. A sporting event, such as football, brings together fans of two different clubs. It is always expected that there could be clashes if one group meets another in the venue. Consequently, club fans are grouped differently at opposite wings. Equally VIPs sit at restricted areas. • During such events, all the apparatuses of security, beginning from traffic control, access and exit points are adequately manned and freed of obstacles. Screening and searching at points of entry reduces the risk of sabotage or criminal acts during the occasion. Dividing the crowd into groups, assigning monitoring/control personnel helps to enhance crowd security by preventing crowd surge. It also helps to control movement and avoid stamped in case of evacuation. FOCUS ON KEY ISSUES ON EVENT’S SECURITY ____________ TRAINING AND STAFFING • Determining the number of officers/stewards at each post • Determining the functions and responsibilities to be occupied by other agencies • The duration of shifts. For large events usually 12-hour shift applies otherwise normal 8-hour duty • Determining the costs, in terms of manpower and finance to the Police, Organisers and other Agencies. • Establishing areas where special skills are needed (IT experts, dispatchers, investigative skills, forensics and legal experts) – This would help to properly select and position expert personnel’s like IED’s detectors such as Dog Handlers and Anti-bomb Units. • Sourcing out funds and adequate budgeting for the operations • Training and Staffing • Choosing the security personnel and staff is a key decision in event’s management. • The issues raised at this point would properly identify the security assignments or posts that would need to be manned. • This spreads around the inner, middle and outer circles of the event. It also includes the route lining along the tracks used by VVIPs, such as world leaders and very famous persons, attending the occasion

17. KEY ISSUES ON EVENT’S PLANNING FOCUS ON KEY ISSUES ON EVENT’S SECURITY ____________ IMPACT ON BUSINESSES Avoid stalling normal life and businesses through effective • Traffic Control • Crime Control • Noise / Nuisance Control • Less road blocks • Creation of alternative routes ------------------------ • For Neighbourhood Friendliness, Organisers should plan for • Mass Transportation to and from Venue • Restoration (Food, Drinks and Water) • Sanitary Facilities (Toilets, etc) • Waste management • etc IMPACT ON BUSINESSES -------------- Inasmuch as security has to be guaranteed during events, especially international major events in a city like Abuja, the Police are quite aware of piloting all activities regarding security in order not to create a negative impact on the city’s economic activities. Organisers as well as the police bear in mind that a safe exercise of an event brings credit to firms and neighbourhood. Unfortunately a negative impact drives down businesses and draws the anger of residents who may find it difficult to give permission for such activities to be carried out in their neighbourhood.

18. SECURITY DURING EVENTS DURING THE EVENT ____________ • During events, security is operational • It involves; • monitoring, • communication and • reporting. • Particularly, it would involve • crowd/human control, • intelligence support, and • general alert for all stakeholders in security needs and management • Final Security Briefing shortly before is necessary in order to • fresh intelligence reports, • distribution of working instruments, such as maps, contact lists of commands, superiors and special orders, • reminders on key roles, functions and responsibilities, • crisis management and evacuation procedures This phase begins shortly before the invitees arrive to the venue. By this time, all the security personnel and procedures planned in phase one must have been positioned. There is always continuity between the first and the second phase. Security concerns begin as soon as the venue has been handed over to the organisers. Once the risk and threat assessments, venue sweeping and inspections have been concluded, it becomes mandatory to protect the venue until the spectators come in. Security management at this level is operational.

19. SECURITY AFTER EVENTS SECURITY AFTER THE EVENT ____________ At close of event, focus is to secure • Safe exit of the crowd from the venue. • VIPs • Vulnerable persons (with handicaps, etc) • All these involve effective • Crowd control • Crowd monitoring • Intelligence and surveillance • Traffic Control • Communication (Public Addressing techniques) • General alert to • Policing Operational Departments • Organisers and Stakeholders • Emergency Managers and Stakeholders • Fire Services Department • After the crowd might have been successfully evacuated from the venue there is the necessity to keep monitoring and providing security for workers, contractors and other persons who remain behind to clear out or dismantle erected structures. • There is also the need to debrief all the personnel involved in the assignment in order draw up lessons learnt as a guide for further operations At the end of every event, guests slowly file out of the venue and head for different destinations. While this marks the end of the occasion for invitees, as far as the organisers are concerned, the show has not yet ended. The last structures that have been put in place have to be dismantled making it necessary to retain some degree of watch and provide security around the venue. During major events security planning listens to the entire national security situation. The police draws alerts from all around the venue in order to organise and create a security blanket around the area of celebration.

20. RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS ____________ • The importance of extensive planning for any event can never be over emphasized. • Organisers should be made to request for security coverage during events well ahead of the scheduled date. • An inter-agency Training to be organized (Joint Personnel Training) • There is the further need of a Joint Operation Centre (JOC) to be set up for all events. –with Field Operations Unit) • Public Awareness Drive/Education on Personal and Collective Security • Exploring other avenues of funding police operations – Grants, Sponsorship, Charity Funds, Biddings, Other services, etc • Enhanced Training and Proper Management of Private Security Providers as sources of information and intelligence “A properly trained policeman would become more accommodating despite the hostile environment in which he or she is operating” (Abubakar, 2013)

21. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION ____________ • Security at event ends as another one begins. • If for the organisers of one event, their job has just ended, while they are sipping their drinks and raising their cups in cheers, the police watches over them while moving its apparatus to another venue. • Then it can be argued that in reality, security at events never ends. • Security at events, therefore, is a continuum for the Police.

22. APPRECIATION APPRECIATION ____________ • Once again, • I thank you all, Ladies and Gentlemen for listening and being an active part of this discussion. • Appreciation goes again to the organisers and especially to the Inspector General of Police, M.D Abubakar, for granting me this opportunity to speak on this topic very dear in the hearts of our people today.