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Neuron Structure

The Nervous System Images with permission of Eric Chudler <chudler@u.washington.edu> Check out his site it is awesome!. Nerve tissues respond to stimuli and are composed of individual cells called neurons and their associated support cells.

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Neuron Structure

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  1. The Nervous SystemImages with permission of Eric Chudler <chudler@u.washington.edu>Check out his site it is awesome!

  2. Nerve tissues respond to stimuli and are composed of individual cells called neurons and their associated support cells.

  3. Nerve cells can measure up to two meters in length and are well suited to transmitting messages. These cells convert stimuli into electrochemical impulses and transmit the signals down their lengths.

  4. Neuron Structure

  5. Sensory neurons from receptor cells, receive a stimulus • Motor neurons from effector cells, respond to a stimulus. • Interneurons are between sensory and motorneurons.

  6. The Action Potential is an all or none response, there is an AP or not! Web site explanation.

  7. The Action Potential moves down the neuron from dendrite to axon then to the end brush or presynaptic terminal. ----++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++---- ++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++-------++ ++++-------++++++++++++ ++++++++-------- +++++++

  8. The Action Potential explanation!

  9. A gap called the synaptic cleft separates the presynaptic membrane from the postsynaptic membrane (dendrite or target cell) The synapse is the means by which an impulse is transmitted between neural cells. Transmitters move across the synapse to send messages from one neuron to the other. Receptor molecules pick up the message. The axon of one neuron synapses with the dendrites of other neurons.

  10. The transmission of nerve impulses can be altered by various substances. Stimulants like caffeine can increase the amount of transmitters released across the synapse.

  11. Brain and Spinal Cord

  12. Brain and Spinal Cord ProtectionThere are 3 membranes protecting the brain and spinal cord - meninges. The spaces between the membranes are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The fluid cushions the brain and spinal cord against shock and removes wastes to the blood.

  13. Stroke! • A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is cut off by a broken or blocked blood vessel. • Damage to the tissue of the area effected results from lack of fresh oxygenated blood. • Damage to the right side of the brain effects the left side of the body!

  14. Spinal Cord Damage • Damage to the cord results in loss of ability to use body parts below the injury. • Little or no sensation occurs in effected body parts.

  15. Medical Technology • EEG - uses electrical impulses produced by the brain to show brain activity • CAT scan - produces a 3-D image using X - rays and a computer. This can be used to reveal disorders like tumors, broken blood vessels and other brain problems (reduces the need to open up people's heads!)

  16. Medical Technology • MRI - This machine uses magnetic fields to excite hydrogen atoms inside your body. Since tumors are different than your body tissues they show up on the MRI image (they are denser). These images are also in 3-D.

  17. Alzheimer’s • An illness that shows up in the elderly portions of out population. • Complications include loss of nerve cells from cerebral cortex, neurofibrilar tangles, neuritic plaques and changes in enzyme systems in the synapse. • This results in low levels of transmitters and fewer neurons to transmit messages

  18. Epilepsy • A type of Brain disease that can result in sudden loss of conciousness. • Caused by non-functioning cells in the brain that can lead to seizures. • Usually the seizures are triggered by something and a warning message such as a smell precedes the event. • Do not place an object in the mouth of the victim.

  19. Peripheral Nervous System - all neurons lying outside that brain and spinal cord. It includes that 12 cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves. Cranial nerves are important for the face and senses while the spinal nerves are useful in reflexes and somatic control.

  20. Somatic Nervous System • This system is under conscious control through motor neurons connected to your skeletal muscle. • Through the use of this system you can control all voluntary actions.

  21. Autonomic Nervous System • This system is NOT under conscious control and involves nerves that connect to glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. This system has two major components, one that stimulates the body "sympathetic" and one that slows the body down, "parasympathetic". The ganglia for these systems are located next to the spinal cord.

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