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Hematology

Hematology. Health Science I Section 2.02 Blood. Hematology OBJECTIVES. Upon Completion of this unit, the student will be able to: 1H07 Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the blood. 1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood. 1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood

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Hematology

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  1. Hematology Health Science I Section 2.02 Blood

  2. HematologyOBJECTIVES • Upon Completion of this unit, the student will be able to: 1H07 Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the blood. • 1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood. • 1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood • 1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatments of common blood disorders

  3. Hematology

  4. Hematology 1H07.01 Explain the structure of the blood. • Adult = 8-10 pints • Composition • Plasma • Serum • Cellular components (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets) • Plasma • Straw colored • Contains water, blood proteins, plasma proteins, nutrients, etc.

  5. Hematology • Erythrocytes • Shape = biconcave discs, donut-shaped • Hemoglobin • Gives red color • Heme is iron, globin is protein • Arterial blood is bright red = lots of oxygen • Venous blood is dark crimson = lots of CO2

  6. Hematology • Leukocytes • May be granular, agranular, translucent or ameboid • Larger than erythrocytes • Types of white cells • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils • Lymphocytes • Monocytes

  7. Hematology • Thrombocytes • Platelets • Make the blood clot • Smallest solid components of blood • Not cells – fragments of megakaryocytes

  8. Hematology 1H07.02 Analyze the function of the blood. • Four main functions 1. Transport oxygen, nutrients, cellular waste products and hormones 2. Aids in distribution of heat 3. Regulates acid-base balance 4. Helps protect against infection

  9. Hematology • Plasma 1. Liquid part of blood 2. Plasma proteins a. Fibrinogen – blood clotting b. Albumin – osmotic pressure and volume c. Prothrombin – helps blood coagulate, production dependent on Vitamin K 3. Reduction of Heparin

  10. Hematology • Erythrocytes 1. Contain hemoglobin a. Transports O2 to tissues and CO2 away from cells b. Red cells travel to lungs to get O2 and give up CO2, then to tissues to deliver O2 and pick up CO2 2. Erythropoiesis – manufacture of red cells in bone marrow 3. Life span a. Red cells live 120 days b. Old cells broken down by spleen and liver 4. Hemolysis – rupture of erythrocyte from blood transfusion or disease

  11. Hematology • Leukocytes 1. Fight infection 2. Phagocytosis – white cells surround, engulf and digest harmful bacteria 3. Basophils produce heparin – (anticoagulant), respond to allergic reactions (Histamine) 4. Diapedesis – when white cells move through capillary walls into neighboring tissues 5. Inflammation a. Body’s reaction to chemical and physical trauma b. Pathogenic – disease producing microorganisms that can cause infection c. Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain d. Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)

  12. Hematology • Thrombocytes (Platelets) 1. Synthesized in red marrow 2. Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process • Coagulation 1. Cut or injury causes to break/clump 2. Chain reaction follows and involves the release of thromboplastin, prothrombin, thrombin and fibrinogen 3. Fibrin creates a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma, creating a blood clot 4. Anticoagulants prevent blood clotting 5. Heparin is an anticoagulant

  13. Hematology • Blood types 1. Four major types, determined by presence or absence of an antigen on the surface of the red blood cell a. A b. B c. O d. AB 2. Inherited from parents 3. Antibody – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body a. Someone with type A blood has b antibodies b. Someone with type B blood has a antibodies c. Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies d. Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies

  14. Hematology 4. Universal donor – O 5. Universal recipient – AB 6. Red cells may also contain Rh factor 1H07.03 Discuss characteristics and treatment of common blood disorders. A. Inflammation 1. Pus 2. Abscess 3. Pyrexia 4. Leukocytosis 5. Edema

  15. Hematology • Leukopenia – decrease in WBCs C. Anemia – deficiency in number or % of RBCs 1. Iron-deficiency anemia a. Usually women, children and adolescents b. Deficiency of dietary iron causing insufficient hemoglobin c. Rx with iron supplements, green leafy vegetables 2. Aplastic anemia a. Bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells b. Cause – drugs or radiation therapy 3. Sickle cell anemia a. Chronic, inherited blood disorder b. RBCs abnormal sickle (crescent) shape c. Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen d. Occurs primarily in African Americans

  16. Hematology • Polycythemia – too many RBCs E. Embolism – moving blood clot F. Thrombosis (thrombus) – formation of a blood clot in a vessel G. Hematoma 1. Localized mass of blood found in organ, tissue or space 2. Caused by injury that causes a blood vessel to rupture H. Hemophilia 1. Hereditary – sex-linked, transmitted from mother to son 2. Missing clotting factor 3. Blood clots slowly 4. Rx with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma

  17. Hematology I. Thrombocytopenia 1. Not enough platelets 2. Blood does not clot properly J. Leukemia 1. Malignancy 2. Overproduction of immature white blood cells 3. Research on cord blood

  18. HematologyTerminology • albumin • antibody • anticoagulant • antigen • basophil • coagulation • diapedesis • eosinophil • erythrocyte • erythropoiesis • fibrin • fibrinogen • hemoglobin • hemolysis

  19. HematologyTerminology • heparin • inflammation • leukocyte • lymphocyte • monocyte • neutrophil • pathogenic • phagocytosis • plasma • platelets • prothrombin • Rh factor • serum

  20. HematologyTerminology • thrombin • thrombocyte • universal donor • universal recipient  • Disorders and Related Terminology • abscess • anemia • aplastic anemia • edema • embolism • hematoma • hemophilia

  21. HematologyTerminology • inflammation • iron-deficiency anemia • leukemia • leukocytosis • leukopenia • polycythemia • pus • pyrexia • Sickle cell anemia • thrombocytopenia • thrombosis • thrombus

  22. Hematology • Average adult = 8-10 pints of blood Functions: • Transports nutrients, oxygen, cellular waste products, and hormones • Aids in distribution of heat • Regulates acid-base balance • Helps protect against infection

  23. Hematology Composition: • Plasma – liquid portion of blood without cellular components • Serum – plasma after a blood clot is formed • Cellular elements are red cells, white cells and platelets

  24. HematologyPLASMA Straw colored, contains – • Water • Blood proteins • Plasma proteins (3 types)

  25. Hematology Plasma proteins: • FIBRONOGEN – necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in the liver • ALBUMIN – from the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume • PROTHROMBIN – a globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis.

  26. Fibrin

  27. Prothrombin = Vitamin K

  28. HematologyPLASMA • Nutrients • Electrolytes • Hormones, vitamins, enzymes • Metabolic waster products

  29. ERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) Biconcave discs

  30. HematologyERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) • HEMOGLOBIN – gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein. • Function = transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells • Normal – men =14-18 gm, women = 12-16 gm

  31. HematologyERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) Function of Hemoglobin: • Red cells travel through the lungs where O2 is carried to tissues and released • CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange

  32. Arterial blood vsVenous blood • lots of oxygen = bright red • lots of CO2 = dark crimson

  33. HematologyERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) • What is carbon monoxide poisoning?

  34. HematologyERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) ERYTHROPOIESIS • Manufacture of red blood cells • Occurs in bone marrow  • Red cells live 120 days • Old cells broken down by the spleen and liver

  35. ERYTHROPOIESIS

  36. HematologyERYTHROCYTES (RBCs) • HEMOLYSIS – rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.

  37. HematologyLEUKOCYTES (WBCs) • Larger than erythrocytes 5 types: • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils • Lymphocytes • Monocytes • Normal leukocyte count = 3,200 – 9,800

  38. LEUKOCYTES (WBCs)

  39. HematologyLEUKOCYTES (WBCs) • PHAGOCYTOSIS – process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria.

  40. HematologyLEUKOCYTES (WBCs) • Basophil produce HEPARIN – an anticoagulant • DIAPEDESIS – when white cells move through capillary wall into neighboring tissue.

  41. HematologyInflammation • Body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma • PATHOGENIC – disease producing microorganisms can cause inflammation • Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain • Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)

  42. HematologyInflammation • HISTAMINE increases the blood flow to the injured area • PUS produced – a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasma • ABSCESS – pus-filled cavity below the epidermis • PYREXIA – increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus – in response to pathogenic invasion

  43. Pus Formation

  44. Abscess & Pus

  45. HematologyInflammation • LEUKOCYTOSIS – increase in the number of white cells in response to infection • LEUKOPENIA – decrease in number of white cells due to chemotherapy or radiation

  46. HematologyTHROMBOCYTES (Platelets) • Smallest of solid components of blood • Synthesized in red marrow • Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process

  47. HematologyTHROMBOCYTES (Platelets) COAGULATION • Cut or injury  platelets and injured tissue release THROMBOPLASTIN  act on PROTHROMBIN in plasma  + Calcium ions converts to THROMBIN  the thrombin acts as an enzyme and changes FIBRINOGEN  FIBRIN creating a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma creating a blood clot.

  48. Coagulation

  49. HematologyTHROMBOCYTES (Platelets) • ANTICOAGULANTS– prevent blood clotting • HEPARIN = antiprothrombin • PROTHROMBIN – dependent on Vitamin K

  50. BLOOD TYPES • Four major types of blood- A, B, AB and O • Inherited from parents • Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell

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