HEMATOLOGY

1. HEMATOLOGY MCC NURSING BY: DIANA BLUM MSN

2. Blood is a type of connective tissue • Transports nutrition • Transports oxygen • Transports hormones • Immunological aspects also important • Critical to body defense • Maintains temperature • Controls PH • Removes toxins • Regulates electrolytes Anatomy

3. Hematopoiesis: • Bone Marrow: • Stem Cell:

4. Plasma: straw colored liquid that suspends blood cells • Leukocyte: warrior cell that fights infection and invasion. • Reticulocyte: immature RBC • WBC: another name for a leukocyte • RBC: gives blood it color. Transports oxygen to cell and co2 to lungs • Erythrocyte: another name for RBC • Platelet: found in plasma. Works with clotting factors to help prevent bleeding. Cell Types (page 1991-94)

5. Responsible for removing excess fluid protein and large particles from cells • Main functions: • fluid balance maintenance • Defense • Fat absorber Lymphatic system

6. Stores 20-40 ml blood • Removes old cells • Filters and destroys antigens before they enter system • Stores platelets (1/3 of body’s store) Spleen

7. Stopping of blood flow • 2 phases: • Primary • Secondary Hemostasis (page 1995)

8. Hemoglobin is low • Oxygen is low • Not a disease but an underlying condition • 2 types: hypoproliferative and hemolytic • Hypoproliferative: marrow can’t produce adequate erythrocytes • Lack of factors, chemicals, marrow damage • Hemolytic: premature destruction of erythrocytes. Leads to tissue hypoxia • Abnormality like sickle cell, direct injury Anemia (page 2008)

9. Stimulation of RBCs by erythropoietin • Erythropoietin: hormone produced by kidneys during periods of hypoxia to ensure growing tissues will have sufficient oxygen. Erythropoiesis

10. Based on: • Marrow ability to respond to decreased erythrocytes • Manner of maturity for young erythrocytes • The presence or absence of end products of erythrocyte destruction within the circulation Determination between types

11. Rapidity with the anemia has developed • Duration of anemia • Metabolic requirements of patient • Other disorders • Cardio: tachycardia, hypoxia, MI symptoms • Respiratory: SOB in varying degrees • Neuro: headache, poor concentration, vertigo, irritibility, confusion • Compensation also may occur Clinical manifestations (pg 2010)

12. Prioritize activities • Plan rest periods • Eats healthy foods rich in iron, vitamins, and proteins • Use nutrition supplements as needed • Report palpitations, dizziness, dyspnea • Monitor vitals • Monitor edema • Monitor neuro status • Safety techniques Education

13. Low RBC • Low HGB andHCT • Low serum Iron level • Low ferritin level • High TIBC level • Results from diet low in iron • Results from body not absorbing enough iron from GI tract • Not enough hemoglobin made as result • s/s: sore tongue, brittle nails, fatigue, pallor, orthostatic changes (in severe cases) • Dx: bone marrow aspiration, lab work • Tx: iron supplements, iron rich foods (liver, oysters, red meat, fish, dried fruits, legumes, dark green veggies, whole grain breads and cereal)---orange juice or other vitamin C product will enhance iron absorption • What is the major side effect of IV iron? Iron Deficiency Anemia

14. Pts don’t become severely anemic tilcreatinine levels exceed 3mg/100ml • Hematocrit decreases • Causes: • shorted RBC lifespan • Deficiency of erythropoietin • Long term hemodialysis • Tx: monitor serum levels of iron, hematocrit, and vitals Anemia and Renal Disease

15. Only inflammation, infection, and malignancy cause • It is nonprogressive • Develops over 6-8 weeks • Many don’t require treatment Anemia and chronic disease

16. Most cases are idiopathic • Infection and pregnancy, medication, chemicals or radiation can trigger • Airplane glue, arsenic, pestisides • Complete failure of the bone marrow • Low RBC count • Low WBC • Low Platelet cts • S/S: pallor, fatigue, tachycardia, sob, hypotension, prolonged/spontaneous bleed, frequent infections, purpura, retinal hemorrhages are common • Tx: transfusion of RBC and Platelet, antibiotics, corticosteroids, bone marrow transplant, ICU setting, monitor for signs and symptoms of infection and bleeding, neutropenic precautions Aplastic Anemia

17. Pt does not absorb vitamin B12 from stomach • Higher incidence of gastric cancer • Pt may lack intrinsic factor-essential for b12 absorption • Assess hx: gastrectomy, crohn’s, family history,etc. • s/s: weakness, sore tongue, numbness of hand and feet • Tx: B12 injections monthly, endoscopy q1-2 years---if untreated can develop heart failure and lead to death • Monitor oral cavity, and skin. Monitor for jaundice, monitor gait, provide small frequent bland diet • Dx: Obtain shilling test Pernicious Anemia

18. Most frequent in SE Asian, African, and Mediterranean descent Thalassemia

19. Folate is in green leafy veggies and liver • Alcohol increases need for folic acid • S/S same as pernicious anemia except no neuro symptoms • Dx: folate level • Tx: replacements Folic Acid Deficiency

20. RBCs normally disc shaped • In sickle cell they are sickle shaped • Easily rupture • Obstruct blood flow • Genetic in nature • Most common in African Americans • Sickle cell is recessive (inherit from mom and dad) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R4-c3hUhhyc Sickle cell anemia

21. 4types: • sickle crisis: most common---obstructive • aplasic crisis---from infection from parvovirus • Hyperhemolytic---massive rbc destruction • sequestrian crisis---result from other organs pooling sickled cells • Spleen is most common • Also in liver and lungs • S/S: tachycardia, fever, decreased HGB, infiltrates on chest x-ray • Pulomary HTN is a symptom that is not usually detected until damage is irreversible • Monitor x-rays, CT scan, Echo, HGB level • Tx: treat symptoms, Bone marrow transplant, transfusions, Hydroxyurea, Arginine • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qe59ar-GZmg Sickle Cell Crisis

22. This is a deficiency in the gene that is essential for membrane stability • Hemolysis only occurs with stressful situations • Mostly affects africanamericans, greek or italian decent as well as asians and jewish origins • Inherited on x chromosome • S/S: asymptomatic, or jaundice, pallor, hemoglobinuria • Dx: serum G-6-PD • Tx: stop offending med, transfusion, educate about meds to avoid, instruct to wear medic alert bracelet Glucose -6-Phospate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

23. Too many RBCs produced • Blood more viscous • s/s: headache, dizziness, ringing in the ears, blurred vision, ruddy complexion, HTN, pruritis, gout problems, burning fingers and toes • DX: o2 sat, CBC with DIFF • Complications: CVA, MI, BLEED issues • Tx: hydroxyurea, interferon, plavix, ASA • Treat symptoms • Teach pt: don’t cross legs, quit smoking, stay active, minimal alcohol, avoid excess iron • TX: phlebotomize blood Polycythemia Vera

24. Enough RBCs made but they are destroyed once they are released into circulation • Causes: infection, drug reaction, cancer • s/s: pallor, fatigue, tachycardia, sob, hypotension, jaundice, high bilirubin levels • Positive direct coombsantiglobulin test • Tx: blood transfusions, corticosteroids, spleenectomy • Recovery in few days to weeks Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

25. Defect in the WBC stem cell • Abnormal reproductions • Unknown cause, may be from chemical or radiation exposure • Symptom onset is abrupt • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJOYAaygQFE Leukemia

26. Defective stem cell • Incidence rises with age 60+ • Prognosis variable • Younger pts may survive 5 years • S/S: fever, infection, weakness, fatigue, bleed tendency, pain • Dx: no warning, CBC • Complications: bleeding (petechiae, ecchymosis), infection, DIC • TX: chemo, transfusions, infection treatment, growth factor agents, bone marrow transplant, palliative care AMLAcute Myeloid Leukemia

27. Uncommon in pts under 20 • Life expectancy 3-5 years • s/s: asymptomatic, dyspnea, mild confusion, enlarged liver, wt loss, anorexia • Tx: tyrosine kinase inhibitor, avoid antacids and grapefruit juice, interferon, cytosine, leukopheresis, bone marrow transplant, Gleevac CML

28. Most common in young kids 4-14 • Uncommon • s/s: decreased cbc counts, pain, enlarged liver, enlarged spleen, headache, vomiting • Tx: bone marrow transplant, chemo, corticosteroids • Complications: infection Acute Lymphocytic LeukemiaALL

29. Common in older adults • Most common form in US and Europe • More frequent in men • s/s: asymptomatic, lymphadenopathy, pain, hepatomegaly, spleenomegaly, anemia, fevers, drenching sweats, wt loss, infections • Tx: treat symptoms, chemo, monoclonal antibodies CLL

30. Characterized by reed- sternberg cells in the lymph nodes • Highest occurance is in 20s and50s • Men are more likely than women to have • Tx: radiation, chemo, bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant • Survival rates vary • 5 yr survival rate is 82% Hodgkins Disease

31. 6th most common type of cancer and cancer death in US • Avg age of dx is 60 • Stages • Low grade • Intermediate grade • High grade • The higher the grade the more aggressive • Tx: chemo, radiation, bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant • 5 year survival rate is 52% Non Hodgkins Lymphoma

32. Cancer of the plasma cells • Most common over the age of 60 • No known cause • Genetics and radiation exposure play a part • s/s: bone pain, hyperuricemia (kidneys), anemia, hypercalcemia, fractures, spinal cord compression, renal failure • Diagnosis: radiographs, serum and urine protein electrophoresis, bone marrow biopsy • No known cure • Tx: chemo and radiation to treat symptoms, vertebroplasty, antiemetics, pain management Multiple Myeloma

33. Bleeding disorders http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2002_general/Esp/folder_structure/tr/m1/s7/trm1s7_3.htm

34. Too few platelets • Causes: cancer treatment • Too many platelets being destroyed • Causes: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombic thrombocytopenic purpura • Dx: bone marrow bx, CBC • s/s: petechiae, purpura, gingival bleed, epistaxis, prolonged bleeding • Tx: transfusions, spleenectomy, chemo, stop med that is causing, stop ETOH, treat infection Thrombocytopenia

36. Most common among kids and young girls • Usually 1-6 wks after viral infection • Cause unknown, h. pylori may play role • s/s: asymptomatic, low platelet count, petechiae, hemoptysis • Dx: bone marrow bx, platelet ct • Tx: stop med, immune globulin, chemo, prednisone, spleenectomy • Nsg: assess lifestyle, teach symptoms, avoid constipation, avoid valsalva, avoid teeth flossing, use only electric razors, use only soft bristled tooth brush, monitor for osteoporosis Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

37. Example of drug induced immune mediated thrombocytopenia • Rare • Related to heparin therapy • Tx: observation, assessment, monitor lab values, stop heparin immediately HIT

38. Medical emergency • Causes extensive blood clots • TX: plasmaphoresis • Complication: multi organ FX • 95%death rate if not treated Thrombic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

39. Most common inherited bleeding disorder • 1-2% international population • s/s: Mucosal and cutaneous bleeding, porlonged bleed times • Tx: DDAVP, FFP, Cryoprecipitate, bleed precautions Von Willebrand’s Disease

40. Genetic • Lack of blood clotting factor • 1-2 cases per 20,000 persons • Types • A: factor VIII is missing-higher incidence • B: factor IX is missing • Trait is carried on x chromosome • Rare for women to have • s/s: uncontrolled bleed especially in joints, skin, GI tract • Tx: no cure. Transfusions, pain treatment (IV morphine is common)..monitor for addiction to opiods. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature=endscreen&v=pVHbMuBK8CI Hemophilia

41. Not a disease • Triggers: sepsis, trauma, cancer, shock, abruptioplacentae, allergic reactions • Life threatening condition • Initially coag time is normal • S/S: are manifested in organs with either clots or bleeding. Bleeding from all orifaces(tear ducts, gums, IV sites, rectum, urethra, etc.) • Dx: PT, PTT, D-Dimer • Tx: treat the cause, replace fluids, o2, fix electrolyte imbalances, administering vasopressors are vital, cryoprecipitate to replace factor 5 and 7, FFP, heparin • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNSwGUqaVgs DIC

42. Universal donor= O • Does not contain A, B, or Rh antigens • Universal recipients= AB+ • Blood contains A, B, and RH antigens • Usually blood banks exactly match the ptblood • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_-9_CF02qI Blood typing for transfusion

43. Pt needs 18 or 20 gauge IV needle so cells are not lysed (destroyed) • Prior to administration, blood needs to be checked by 2 licensed nurses. Check the expiration date, name, medical record number, type of blood, blood band id, pt birthday • Check vitals prior to administration • **blood must be initiated with in 30 minutes of arrival from lab to floor • Use blood tubing for administration • Monitor for blood reactions • Monitor vitals continuously during administration adminstration on blood

44. Hemolytic: fever, chills, nausea, dyspnea, chest pain, back pain, hypotension • Antigen/antibody rx to transfusion • Happens shortly after initiation • Tx: stop the transfusion, call md, supportive therapy to maintain HR and BP • Anaphylactic: urticartia, wheezing, dyspnea, hypotension • Type 1 hypersensitivity rx to plasma proteins • Occurs within 30 minutes of initiation • Tx: stop transfusion, call md, be ready for epi and steroids • Febrile: fever, chills • Recipients antibodies rx to donor leukocyte • Occurs within 30-90minutes of initiation • Tx: stop infusion, call md • Circulatory overload: cough, frothy sputum, cyanosis, decreased BP • cardio system is unable to manage the additional fluid load • Occurs anytime during transfusion and up to several hours after completion • Tx: stop infusion, call for help, be prepared for code, be prepared to administer oxygen and Lasix Blood reactions

45. Minimize the # of invasive procedure • Avoid prolonged tourniquet use • Avoid IM injections • Instruct the client to use soft bristled tooth brush • No strait edge razor shaving only use electric razor • Avoid NSAIDS Bleeding precautions

46. ANY QUESTIONS???