UNIT 1

1. UNIT1 Love and Life Reading1 WhyWeLoveWhoWeLove Reading2 “StayHungry.StayFoolish.” UnitGoals Inthisunit,studentswillbeableto •understandapsychologicalexplanationoftheforceswhichdrivepeopletofeelattracted toeachother,andhavetheirownopinionsonthoseforces. •learnabouttheexperiencesandinnerqualitiesthatenabledSteveJobstosucceedasan entrepreneurandthinkaboutthequalitiesinnovatorsshare.

2. READING1 WhyWeLove WhoWeLove Intro Loveisabasichumanemotion,butunderstanding howandwhyithappensisnotnecessarilyeasy.In fact,foralongtime,manypeoplesuggestedthat lovewassimplysomethingthatsciencecouldn’t understand.Recently,however,psychologistsand researchershaveproposedanumberoftheoriesof love.InReading1,wewillconsiderapsychological explanationabouthowwebothconsciouslyand unconsciouslyselectthosewithwhomwehave closerelationships. Whatfactorsinfluenceyourideaoftheperfectmate andhowweretheyshaped?

3. GetReady A Lookatthepicturesbelowandthinkaboutthequestions. 1.Whatkindofpersondoyoufindattractive? 2.Doyouthinkyouridealmatewouldhavesomesimilaritiestooneofyourparents? 3.Haveyoueverheardtheexpression“oppositesattract”?Whatdoyouthinkofit? Whatdoyouthinkaboutlove?Examinethefollowingquotesandchoosetheoneyou likebest.Andtellittoyourpartnerwiththereason. B MotherTeresa MahatmaGandhi Sophocles “Thehungerforloveismuchmoredifficulttoremovethan thehungerforbread.” “Acowardisincapableofexhibitinglove;itistheprerogative ofthebrave.” “Onewordfreesusofalltheweightandpainoflife:that wordislove.” GeorgeJeanNathan“Loveisanemotionexperiencedbythemanyandenjoyed bythefew.” DalaiLama KarlMenninger “Whenwefeelloveandkindnesstowardothers,itnotonly makesothersfeellovedandcaredfor,butithelpsusalsoto developinnerhappinessandpeace.” “Lovecurespeople—boththeoneswhogiveitandtheones whoreceiveit.” C Whattypeofpersonwouldyoufallinlovewith?Checkit. Apersonwhoremindsmeofmyparents Apersonwhohasapersonalitydifferentfrommine Apersonwhohasalotincommonwithme ApersonwhoIfallinlovewithatfirstsight 011 WhyWeLoveWhoWeLove

4. WhyWeLove WhoWeLove Haveyoueverknownamarriedcouplethatjustdidn’tseemas thoughtheyshouldfittogether—yettheywerebothhappyinthe marriage,andyoucouldn’tfigureoutwhy?Iknowofonecouple.He isabig,strongpersonwho,inadditiontobeingasuccessfulsalesman, coachesLittleLeague,isactiveinhisRotaryClubandplaysgolfevery Saturdaywithfriends.Meanwhile,hiswifeis1petite,quietanda complete2homebody. Shedoesn’tevenliketogoouttodinner.Whatmysteriousforce drivesusintothearmsofoneperson,whilepushingusawayfrom anotherwhomightappearequallydesirabletoanyunbiasedobserver? YourParents’Influence Ofthemanyfactorsinfluencingourideaoftheperfectmate,one ofthemosttelling,accordingtoJohnMoney,professorofmedical psychologyandpediatricsatJohnsHopkinsUniversity,iswhathecalls our“lovemap,”aseriesofmessagesencodedinourbrainsthatdescribe ourlikesanddislikes.Itshowsourpreferencesinhair,voice,smell,and 05 10 15 Q.1 Whatisthedefinitionofa “lovemap”? •Lovemapisaseriesofmessagesencodedinourbrains. figureout pushaway unbiased pediatrics encode 012 Unit1|LoveandLife

5. bodybuild.Italsorecordsthekindofpersonalitythatappealstous. Inshort,wefallforandpursuethosepeoplewhomostclearlyfitour lovemap.Andthislovemapislargelydeterminedinchildhood.Byage eight,thepatternforouridealmatehasalreadybeguntofloataround inourhead. IknowthatifIweretoaskthosesamementodescribetheir mothers,therewouldbemanysimilaritiesbetweentheiridealmates andtheirmoms.Ourmothers—thefirstrealloveofourlives—writea significantportionofourlovemap.Whenwe’relittle,ourmotheristhe centerofourattention,andwearethecenterofhers,soourmother’s characteristicsleavean3indelibleimpression,andweareforeverafter attractedtopeoplewithherfacialfeatures,bodytype,personality,and evensenseofhumor.Themotherhasanadditionalinfluenceonher sons:shenotonlygivesthemcluestowhattheywillfindattractiveina mate,butalsoaffectshowtheyfeelaboutwomeningeneral. •Happymotherandson Q.2 Whenisthislovemap largelydetermined? Q.3 Howdoesamominfluence hersonswhenitcomesto findingamate? 05 10 15 •Themotherhasaninfluenceonhersons. Whilethemotherdeterminesinlargepartwhatqualitiesattractus inamate,it’sthefather—thefirstmaleinourlives—whoinfluences howwerelatetotheoppositesex.Justasmothersinfluencetheirson’s 1petite:havingasmallandthinbody—usuallyusedtodescribeagirlorwoman 2homebody:apersonwhoselifeandinterestsarecenteredonthehome 3indelible:impossibletoremove,erase,orwashaway •Fathersinfluencetheir daughter’sgeneralfeeling aboutmen. 013 WhyWeLoveWhoWeLove

6. generalfeelingstowardwomen,fathersinfluencetheirdaughter’s generalfeelingsaboutmen.Ifafather4lavishespraiseonhisdaughter anddemonstratesthatsheisaworthyperson,she’llfeelverygood aboutherselfinrelationtomen.Butifthefatheriscold,criticalor absent,thedaughterwilltendtofeelshe’snotverylovableorattractive. 5 Inaddition,mostofusgrowupwithpeopleofsimilarsocial circumstances.We6hangaroundwithpeopleinthesametown;our friendshaveaboutthesameeducationalbackgroundsandcareergoals. Wetendtobemostcomfortablewiththesepeople,andthereforewe tendtolinkupwithotherswhosefamiliesareoftenmuchlikeourown. Q.4 Ifafatheriscoldorcritical, howwillhisdaughterbe likelytofeelaboutherself? Q.5 Whydowetendtolinkup withotherswhosefamilies aremuchlikeourown? 05 10 ComplementaryNeeds •Welookforsomeonewithcomplementaryneeds. Inmanywayswewantamirrorimageofourselves.Physically attractivepeople,forexample,areusuallydrawntoapartnerwho’s equallyattractive.RobertWinch,alongtimesociologyprofessorat NorthwesternUniversity,statesinhisresearchthatourchoiceofa marriagepartnerinvolvesanumberofsocialsimilarities.Buthealso maintainsthatwelookforsomeonewithcomplementaryneeds.A talkerisattractedtosomeonewholikestolisten,oranaggressive personalitymayseekoutamorepassivepartner.It’sratherliketheold, butperceptive,sayingonthesubjectofmarriagethatadvisesfuture partnerstomakesurethattheholesinone’sheadfitthebumpsinthe 15 20 sociology pedigree perceptive fallinlove bumptrade-off haveincommon equity asset hefty buck 014 Unit1|LoveandLife

7. other’s.Or,asWinchobserves,it’sthebalancingoutofsociologicalother’s.Or,asWinchobserves,it’sthebalancingoutofsociological likenessesandpsychologicaldifferencesthatseemstopointthewayfor themostsolidlifelongrelationship. Therearecertainlysuch“oddcouples”whocouldscarcelybe happier.Weallknowsomehandsomemanmarriedtoanunusually plainwoman.Thisisatrade-offsomecalltheequitytheory.When menandwomenpossessaparticularasset,suchashighintelligence, unusualbeauty,apersonalitythatmakesothers7swoon,orahefty propertythathasthesameeffect,somedecidetotradetheirassetsfor someoneelse’sstrongpoints.Abeautifulwomanmaytradeherbeauty forthepowerandsecuritythatcomewithbigbucks.Afellowfroma goodfamilymaytradehispedigreeforapoorbutbrilliantlytalented mate.Indeed,almostanycombinationcansurviveanddowell. LoveatFirstSight Istheresuchathingasloveatfirstsight?Whynot?Whenpeople fallinlove,whathappensinthatinstantisthecoupleprobably discoverssomethinguniquetheyhaveincommon.Itcouldbe somethingas8mundaneastheybothwerereadingthesamebookor wereborninthesametown.Atthesametime,theyrecognizesome traitintheotherpersonthatcomplementstheirownpersonality. 05 10 15 20 Q.6 Whatcanbeagood exampleof“theequity theory”? •Istheresuchathingas loveatfirstsight? 4lavish:togiveinagreatvolume 5complementary:supplyingmutualneedsoroffsettingmutuallacks 6hangaroundwith:tospendalotoftimewith 7swoon:tobestronglyaffectedbyyourfeelingsforsomeoneyouloveoradmireverymuch 8mundane:veryordinaryandnotatallinterestingorunusual 015 WhyWeLoveWhoWeLove

8. Ihappentobeoneofthosestruckbythespell.Onthatfateful weekend,Ihadaterriblecoldandhesitatedtojoinmyfamilyon vacationintheCatskillMountains.FinallyIdecidedanythingwould bebetterthansittingaloneinmystudyroom.ThatnightasIwas preparingtogotodinner,mysisterrushedupthestairsandsaid,“When youwalkintothediningroom,you’regoingtomeetthemanyou’ll marry.” Mysistercouldn’thavebeenmoreright.Iknewitfromthemoment Isawhim,andthememorystillgivesme9goosebumps.Ifellinlove withMiltontheinstantImethim.MiltandIweremarriedfor39years 05 10 untilhisdeathin1989.Throughoutourmarriage,weexperienceda lovethatErichFrommcalleda“feelingoffusion,ofoneness,”even whilewebothcontinuedtochange,growandfulfillourlives. Q.7 WhatdidErichFrommcall love? 9goosebumps: fusion roughskininducedbycold,fear,pleasure,etc. 016 Unit1|LoveandLife

9. AfterYouRead A Puttherightwordintheblankfromtheboxbelow. Yourparents’influence hasaneffectonhersonstoselectwomenwithher andpersonality. affectshowhersonsfeelaboutwomeningeneral. affectshowwerelatetothesex. influenceshisdaughters’generalfeelingsaboutmen. Mother Father needs Theequitytheory:Peopletradetheirassetsforsomeoneelse’sstrongpoints. Loveatfirstsight Peoplerecognizesometraitintheotherpersonthatcomplementstheirown . personality appearance opposite complementary B Decideifthefollowingsentencesaretrue(T)orfalse(F). 1.T 2.T 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T F F F F F F F AccordingtoJohnMoney,ourlovemapisoneofmanyimportantfactorswhich influenceourselectionofanidealmate. Thelovemapissupposedtobedeterminedinadulthood. Therewouldbemanysimilaritiesbetweenaman’sidealmateandhismom. Fathersinfluencetheirdaughter’sgeneralfeelingsaboutmen. Accordingtothecomplementaryneedstheory,atalkativemanislikelytofallfor someonewhoenjoyslisteningtoothers. Accordingtotheequitytheory,anexceptionallybeautifulwomanmightwant aphysicallyattractiveman. Whentheauthormetherhusband,shewassufferingfromaseriousillness. 017 WhyWeLoveWhoWeLove

10. VocabularyFocus A Fillineachblankwiththerightwordfromtheboxbelow. Alovemap,encodedinourbrainsthatdescribesour inhair,voice,smell, andbodybuild,recordsthekindofpersonalitythatappealstous.Sinceourmother’s characteristicsleavea(n) impression,weareforeverattractedtopeoplewho aresimilartoher.Wesometimeslookforsomeonewhodoesnothavemuchincommon withusfor needsjustasatalkativepersonseeksoutasincerelistener.Evenas acouplebothcontinuetochange,theyexperiencealovethatErichFrommcalled“afeeling of ,ofoneness.” fusion indelible complementary preferences B Matcheachwordwithitspropermeaning. a.smallandthin b.tofeelexcited,emotionalsothatyoualmostbecome unconscious c.aperson’sfamilyhistoryorthebackground,especially whenthisisimpressive d.havingorshowingtheabilitytoseeorunderstand thingsquickly,especiallythingsthatarenotobvious e.notinterestingorexciting 1.mundane 2.swoon 3.petite 4.pedigree 5.perceptive C Choosetheanswerthatisclosestinmeaningtotheboldword. 1.Whenmenandwomenpossessaparticularasset,suchashighintelligence,unusual beauty,apersonalitythatmakesothersswoon,oraheftypropertythathasthe sameeffect,somedecidetotradetheirassetsforsomeoneelse’sstrongpoints. bigandheavy longandthin 2.Thiswineperfectlycomplementsbeef,lambandchicken. topraise toaddtosomething 3.Hiswifeispetite,quietandacompletehomebody. apersonwhoenjoysspendingtimeathome anunattractiveperson 018 Unit1|LoveandLife

11. WorkTogether TheTypesofLove A 1 2 3 B Readcarefullythefollowingpassageandanswerthequestions. CompassionateLovevs.PassionateLove AccordingtopsychologistElaineHatfieldandhercolleagues,therearetwo basictypesoflove:compassionateloveandpassionatelove.Compassionatelove ismarkedbymutualrespect,attachment,affectionandtrust.Compassionate loveusuallydevelopsoutoffeelingsofmutualunderstandingandshared respectforeachother.Ontheotherhand,passionateloveismarkedbyintense emotions,anxietyandaffection.Whentheseintenseemotionsarereciprocated, peoplefeelexcitedandfulfilled.However,unreciprocatedlove leadstofeelingsofdepressionanddespair.Hatfield suggeststhatpassionateloveisshort-lived,usually lastingbetween6and30months.Hatfieldalso suggeststhatpassionateloveariseswhencultural expectationsencouragefallinginlove,whenyou meetanidealloveconceivedinyourheart,and whenyoufeelyourheartgrowinghotinthe presenceoftheotherperson. Whatarethecharacteristicsofcompassionatelove? Whatarethecharacteristicsofpassionatelove? Whichtypeoflovedoyouprefer? Somecouplesremaininlovethroughouttheirentirelives,butotherscannot.Whatdifferences doyouthinklieinthosecouples?Howcanwemakeourfeelingoflovecontinue?Compare yourideaswiththoseofyourpartner. 019 WhyWeLoveWhoWeLove

12. READING2 “StayHungry. StayFoolish.” Intro SteveJobswasthevisionarycofounderof Applewhohelpedintroducetheageofpersonal computersandthenledaculturaltransformationin thewaymusic,moviesandmobilecommunications wereexperiencedinthedigitalage.InReading2, wewillreadhiscommencementspeechatStanford Universityin2005,andthinkabouthisupsand downsandhowhebecameoneofthegreatest innovatorsinthehistoryoftechnology. Whatdoyouthinkweneedtoovercomethe challengeswefaceinlife,andwhoisyourrole modelwhenitcomestosuccess?

13. GetReady A B C ThefollowingsentencesarethegeneralinformationaboutSteveJobsthatyoumayknow. Whichsentenceswillbetherightstatementsabouthim?Let’scheckthem. Hewasadoptedwhenhewasababy. Hewasgraduatedfromoneofthefamouscolleges. Hewaslittleinterestedinatypeface. Hestartedhisbusinessinhisparents’garage. Hegotoncefiredfromthecompanythathefounded. Henevermadeapresentationinfrontofaudience. Hebecameangreatinventoraswellasasuccessfulbusinessman. Hemadesmartgadgetswhicharenowseenasdictatingtheevolutionofmodern technology. Lookattwopicturesandreadeachshortpassage.Thenlet’ssaywhattheyhaveincommon withSteveJobs. AnAmericanmediatalkshowhostofthehighest-ratedprogram. Shewasborninapoorfamilyandexperiencedconsiderable hardshipduringherchildhood,butnowsheisoftenpraisedfor overcomingadversity. OprahWinfrey AGermancomposerandpianist.Duringthelate18thcentury, hishearingbegantodeterioratesignificantly,yethecontinuedto composeandperform,evenafterbecomingcompletelydeaf.Now heremainsoneofthemostfamousandinfluentialofallcomposers. LudwigvanBeethoven Let’sthink. 1.HaveyouheardofSteveJobs?Shareyourinformationabouthimwithyourpartner. 2.WhatdoyouthinkmotivatedSteveJobstocontinuetopursuesuccess? 3.Explainthemeaningof“Stayhungry.Stayfoolish.” 021 “StayHungry.StayFoolish.”

14. “StayHungry. StayFoolish.” I’mhonoredtobewithyoutodayforyour1commencementfrom oneofthefinestuniversitiesintheworld.Today,Iwanttotellyou threestoriesfrommylife. •SteveJobsgavehiscommencementaddressatStanford Universityin2005. Thefirststoryisaboutconnectingthedots. IdroppedoutofReedCollegeafterthefirstsixmonths,butthen stayedaroundasadrop-inforanother18monthsorsobeforeIreally leftschool.Itwasprettyterribleatthetime,butlookingbackitwas oneofthebestdecisionsIevermade.TheminuteIdroppedoutI couldstoptakingtherequiredclassesthatdidn’tinterestme,andbegin droppinginontheonesthatlookedfarmoreinteresting. Itjustwasn’tromantic.Ididn’thavearoom,soIsleptonthefloorin friends’rooms.Ireturnedemptybottlesforthefivecentstobuyfood with,andIwouldwalkthesevenmilesacrosstowneverySundaynight togetonegoodmealaweekattheHareKrishnatemple.However, muchofwhatIstumbledintobyfollowingmycuriosityandintuition turnedouttobepricelesslateron. Letmegiveyouoneexample:ReedCollegeatthattimeoffered 05 10 15 Q.1 Afterhestoppedtaking therequiredclasses,which classesdidhestarttotake? dropoutdrop-inintuitionturnout complicatedfascinatingmultiple serif typeface typography artistically 022 Unit1|LoveandLife

15. perhapsthebest2calligraphyinstructioninthecountry.BecauseIhadperhapsthebest2calligraphyinstructioninthecountry.BecauseIhad droppedoutanddidn’thavetotakethenormalclasses,Idecidedto takeacalligraphyclasstolearnhowtodothis.Ilearnedaboutserif andsanseriftypefaces,aboutvaryingtheamountofspacebetween differentlettercombinations,aboutwhatmakesgreattypography great.Itwasbeautiful,historical,artisticallycomplicatedinawaythat sciencecan’tcapture,andIfounditfascinating. Noneofthishadevenahopeofanypracticalapplicationinmylife. Buttenyearslater,whenweweredesigningthefirstcomputer,itall camebacktome.Andwedesigneditallintothecomputer.Itwasthe firstcomputerwithbeautifultypography.IfIhadneverdroppedin onthatsinglecourseincollege,thecomputerwouldhaveneverhad multipletypefacesorproportionallyspacedfonts. Youcan’tconnectthedotslookingforward;youcanonlyconnect themlookingbackwards.Soyouhavetotrustthatthedotswill somehowconnectinyourfuture.Youhavetotrustinsomething—your Q.2 WhatdidStevelearnathis calligraphyclass? 05 10 15 gut,destiny,life,4karma,whatever—becausebelievingthatthedots 3 Q.3 willconnectdowntheroadwillgiveyoutheconfidencetofollowyour heart,evenwhenitleadsyouofftheeasypath,andthatwillmakeall Asforconnectingthedots, whatdowehavetotrust? thedifference. 20 •Typefacesandtypography 1commencement:aceremonyatwhichacademicdegreesareconferred 2calligraphy:theartoffinehandwriting 3gut:courage 4karma:fate,destiny 023 “StayHungry.StayFoolish.”

16. Mysecondstoryisaboutloveandloss. IwasluckyIfoundwhatIlovedtodoearlyinlife.WozandIstarted Appleinmyparents’garagewhenIwas20.Weworkedhard,andin 10yearsthecompanyhadgrownfromjustthetwoofusinagarage intoatwobilliondollarcompanywithover4,000employees.We’djust releasedourfinestcreation—Macintosh—ayearearlier,andIhadjust turned30. AndthenIgotfired.Howcanyougetfiredfromacompanyyou started?Whathadbeenthefocusofmyentireadultlifewasgone,and itwasdevastating.Ireallydidn’tknowwhattodoforafewmonths.I feltthatIhadletthepreviousgenerationof5entrepreneursdown—that Ihaddroppedthebatonasitwasbeingpassedtome.Butsomething slowlybegantodawnonme:IstilllovedwhatIdid.Theturnofevents atApplehadnotchangedthatonebit.Ihadbeenrejected,butIwas stillinlove.AndsoIdecidedtostartover. •SteveJobsandStephenWozniak inthelate1970s 05 10 15 Q.4 WhenandwheredidSteve Jobsstarthisbusiness? Q.5 WhatdawnedonSteve Jobswhenhegotfired fromhiscompany? •SteveJobs’parents’garageinLosAltos,California employee devastating 024 Unit1|LoveandLife

17. •(fromlefttoright)JohnLasseter,SteveJobs,EdCatmull,andPeteDoctoratthe82nd•(fromlefttoright)JohnLasseter,SteveJobs,EdCatmull,andPeteDoctoratthe82nd AnnualAcademyAwardsattheKodakTheater,Hollywood Ididn’tseeitthen,butitturnedoutthatgettingfiredfromApple wasthebestthingthatcouldhaveeverhappenedtome.Theheaviness ofbeingsuccessfulwasreplacedbythelightnessofbeingabeginner again,lesssureabouteverything.Itfreedmetoenteroneofthemost creativeperiodsofmylife. I’mconvincedthattheonlythingthatkeptmegoingwasthatI lovedwhatIdid.You’vegottofindwhatyoulove.Andthatisastrue foryourworkasitisforyourlovers.Yourworkisgoingtofillalarge partofyourlife,andtheonlywaytobetrulysatisfiedistodowhatyou believeisgreatwork. Mythirdstoryisaboutdeath. WhenIwas17,Ireadaquotethatwentsomethinglike:“Ifyoulive eachdayasifitwasyourlast,somedayyou’llmostcertainlyberight.” Itmadeanimpressiononme,andsincethen,forthepast33years, I’velookedinthemirroreverymorningandaskedmyself:“Iftoday werethelastdayofmylife,wouldIwanttodowhatIamabouttodo today?”Andwhenevertheanswerhasbeen“No”fortoomanydaysin arow,IknowIneedtochangesomething. 5entrepreneur:a personwhosetsupbusinessesandbusinessdeals 05 10 15 Q.6 Basedonthisparagraph whatdowehavetofindto keepusgoing? Q.7 WhatquestiondidSteve Jobsaskhimselfwhenhe lookedinthemirrorevery morning? 025 “StayHungry.StayFoolish.”

18. RememberingthatI’llbedeadsoonisthemostimportanttool I’veeverencounteredtohelpmemakethebigchoicesinlife.Because almosteverything—allexternalexpectations,allpride,allfearof embarrassmentorfailure—thesethingsjustfallawayinthefaceof death,leavingonlywhatistrulyimportant.Rememberingthatyouare goingtodieisthebestwayIknowtoavoidthetrapofthinkingyou havesomethingtolose.Thereisnoreasonnottofollowyourheart. Yourtimeislimited,sodon’twasteitlivingsomeoneelse’slife. Don’tbetrappedby6dogma—whichislivingwiththeresultsofother people’sthinking.Don’tletthenoiseofothers’opinionsdrownout yourowninnervoice.Andmostimportant,havethecouragetofollow yourheartandintuition.Theysomehowalreadyknowwhatyoutruly wanttobecome.Everythingelseissecondary. WhenIwasyoung,therewasanamazingpublicationcalledthe WholeEarthCatalog,whichwasoneofthemostimportantbooksof Q.8 WhatwasSteveJobs’most importanttoolinmaking thebigchoicesinlife? 05 10 15 •FarewellstickersinNewYorkCityonOct.7,2011markedthedeathofSteveJobs. farewell 026 Unit1|LoveandLife

19. mygeneration.ItwascreatedbyafellownamedStewartBrand,not farfromhereinMenloPark,andhebroughtittolifewithhispoetic touch.Itwasabookofdreams,filledwithneattoolsandgreatnotions. Onthebackcoveroftheirfinalissuewasaphotographofanearly morningcountryroad,thekindyoumightfindyourselfwalking alongifyouwantedtoseetheworld.Beneathitwerethewords:“Stay hungry.Stayfoolish.”Itwastheirfarewellmessageasthey7signedoff. “Stayhungry.Stayfoolish.”I’vealwayswishedthatformyself.Andnow, asyougraduatetostartanewlife,Iwishthatforyou.Thankyouall verymuch. Q.9 Whatwasontheback coverofthefinalissueof theWholeEarthCatalog? 05 10 •SteveJobs’portraithungontheFederationToweroftheMoscow InternationalBusinessCenteronOctober22,2011 6dogma:anauthoritativeprinciple,belief,orstatementofideasoropinion 7signoff:toendaletter,e-mail;toendabroadcastbysayinggoodnight 027 “StayHungry.StayFoolish.”

20. AfterYouRead A Puttherightwordintheblankfromtheboxbelow. ThreestoriesofSteveJobs’life DroppedoutofReedCollege 1.Connecting thedots Tooka class Developedmultiple andproportionallyspacedfonts StartedAppleandreleasedMacintoshtenyearslater Gotfiredandfelt Convincedhelovedwhathedidandenteredoneofmost periodsofhislife 2.Loveandloss deathisthemostimportanttoolinmaking thebigchoices. Don’ttimeanddon’tletthenoiseofothers’ opinionsdrownoutyourinnervoice. Havethe tofollowyourheartandintuition. Farewellmessage: Stayhungry. Stayfoolish. 3.Death calligraphy courage devastated remembering typefaces waste creative B Let’simagine. Supposethat30yearsfromnowyouareinvitedtomakeapresentationtoyoungpeople.What wouldyousaytothem?Deliveryourimaginaryspeechinfrontofyourclassmates. 028 Unit1|LoveandLife

21. VocabularyFocus A Fillineachblankwiththerightwordfromtheboxbelow. 1.Whathadbeenthefocusofmyentireadultlifewasgone,anditwas . 2.I’mhonoredtobewithyoutodayforyour intheworld. fromoneofthefinestuniversities 3.Many jumpin. learntobuildabusinessthewaysomepeoplelearntoswim;theyjust 4.Don’tbetrappedby whichislivingwiththeresultsofotherpeople’sthinking. 5.Thisvisualbookismeanttobebothreadandexperienced.Thewriterevencreateda thatmakesyouthinktheprintedwordswerewrittenbyhand. dogma commencement typeface entrepreneurs devastating B Matcheachwordwithitspropermeaning. a.theownerormanagerofabusinessenterprisewho, byriskandinitiative,attemptstomakeprofits b.thebeliefthatyouractionsinthislifeaffectall yourfuturelives c.toputyourfootdownawkwardlywhileyouare walkingorrunningandnearlyfallover d.theabilitytoknowsomethingbyusingyour feelingsratherthanconsideringthefacts e.ofanappropriatesize,amountordegreein comparisonwithsomething 1.stumble 2.intuition 3.entrepreneur 4.karma 5.proportional C Theboldwordsinthesentencesbelowhaveanumberofmeanings.Whatistheir meaninginthecontextsofthesesentences?ExplaininKorean. 1.Noneofthishadevenahopeofanypracticalapplicationinmylife. 2.Youcan’tconnectthedotslookingforward;youcanonlyconnectthemlooking backwards. 3.Somethingslowlybegantodawnonme:IstilllovedwhatIdid. 4.ItwascreatedbyafellownamedStewartBrand,notfarfromhereinMenloPark,andhe broughtittolifewithhispoetictouch. 029 “StayHungry.StayFoolish.”

22. WorkTogether QualitiesofanInnovator A B Thinkofthreeormoreprinciplesthatinfluenceyourbehaviorandthenshareyourideas. Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandanswerthequestions. QualitiesofanInnovator Theword“innovate”canbetracedbacktotheyear1440.Whatinnovationsactually happenedin1440isanybody’sguess,butwhatevertheywere,it’slikelytheyimprovedthe qualityoflifeformanypeople.Unfortunately,innovationisnotgiventoformulas.Itis giventothosewhoareinspiredandfascinatedwithanalmostdesperateneedforchange. Andwhileitcanbesupportedbysystems,itcanneverbereducedtosystems. Ifyouwanttoinspireinnovation,forgetaboutfancyformulasforaminuteandpay attentiontowhat’shappeningontheinside,becausethat’swhereitstarts.Andthekeyfor theinnovator?Here’salistofqualitiesthatdescribeinnovators: •Challenging •Curious Theyarenotsatisfiedwithcurrentsituation,butquestionauthorityand routine,andchallengeassumptions. Theyactivelyexploretheenvironment,investigatenewpossibilities, andhonorasenseofwonder. •Self-motivatedTheyrespondtodeepinnerneeds,eagerlyinitiatenewprojects,andare properlyrewardedfortheirefforts. Theyarehighlycreative,maintainafutureorientation,andthinkin mentalpictures. •Visionary 1 Accordingtothepassage,whatarethecharacteristicsofinnovation? Howcanwetriggerinnovation? Whatqualitiesdoinnovatorshaveincommon?Whichqualitydoyouthinkisthemost important?Whatotherqualitiescanyouthinkof?Makealistandcompareyourswith yourfriends’lists. Unit1|LoveandLife 2 3 030

23. CheckYourself 1 2 Whichisthebestplaceforthesentenceinthebox? Inshort,wefallforandpursuethosepeoplewhomostclearlyfitourlovemap. Ofthemanyfactorsinfluencingourideaoftheperfectmate,oneofthe mosttelling,accordingtoJohnMoney,professorofmedicalpsychologyand pediatricsatJohnsHopkinsUniversity,iswhathecallsour“lovemap,”a seriesofmessagesencodedinourbrainsthatdescribesourlikesanddislikes. (1)Itshowsourpreferencesinhair,voice,smell,andbodybuild.Italso recordsthekindofpersonalitythatappealstous.(2)Andthislovemapis largelydeterminedinchildhood.(3)Byageeight,thepatternforourideal matehasalreadybeguntofloataroundinourbrains.(4)Ourmothers—the firstrealloveofourlives—writeasignificantportionofourlovemap. Whatisthecorrectorderafterthegivensentences? Istheresuchathingasloveatfirstsight?Whynot?Whenpeoplefallinlove, whathappensinthatinstantisthecoupleprobablydiscoverssomethingunique theyhaveincommon. (A)Onthatfatefulweekend,Ihadaterriblecoldandhesitatedtojoinmy familyonvacationintheCatskillMountains.FinallyIdecidedanything wouldbebetterthansittingaloneinmystudyroom.ThatnightasIwas preparingtogotodinner,mysisterrushedupthestairsandsaid,“When youwalkintothediningroom,you’regoingtomeetthemanyou’llmarry.” (B)Itcouldbesomethingasmundaneastheybothwerereadingthesamebook orwereborninthesametown.Atthesametime,theyrecognizesometrait intheotherpersonthatcomplementstheirownpersonality.Ihappentobe oneofthosestruckbythespell. (C)Mysistercouldn’thavebeenmoreright.IknewitfromthemomentIsaw him,andthememorystillgivesmegoosebumps.IfellinlovewithMilton theinstantImethim.MiltandIweremarriedfor39years,untilhisdeath in1989.Throughoutourmarriage,weexperiencedalovethatErichFromm calleda“feelingoffusion,ofoneness,”evenwhilewebothcontinuedto change,growandfulfillourlives. (A)(C)(B) (B)(A)(C) (B)(C)(A) (C)(A)(B) 1 2 3 4 031 CheckYourself

24. 3 Whatisthemainideaofthepassage? Whenwe’relittle,ourmotheristhecenterofourattention,andwearethe centerofhers,soourmother’scharacteristicsleaveanindelibleimpression, andweareforeverafterattractedtopeoplewithherfacialfeatures,bodytype, personality,evensenseofhumor.Justasmothersinfluencetheirson’sgeneral feelingstowardwomen,fathersinfluencetheirdaughter’sgeneralfeelings aboutmen.Ifafatherlavishespraiseonhisdaughteranddemonstratesthat sheisaworthyperson,she’llfeelverygoodaboutherselfinrelationtomen. Butifthefatheriscold,criticalorabsent,thedaughterwilltendtofeelshe’s notverylovableorattractive. Parents’influenceonselectingyouridealmate Importanceofchoosingasuitablematch Variouswaystobelovedtotheirparents Differencesbetweenfathers’loveandmothers’love 1 2 3 4 4 Whichonebestfitsintheblank? Inaddition,mostofusgrowupwithpeopleofsimilarsocialcircumstances. Wehangaroundwithpeopleinthesametown;ourfriendshaveabout thesameeducationalbackgroundsandcareergoals.Wetendtobemost comfortablewiththesepeople,andthereforewetendtolinkupwithothers whosefamiliesareoftenmuchlikeourown.Inmanywayswewantamirror imageofourselves.Physicallyattractivepeople,forexample,areusuallydrawn toapartnerwho’sequallyattractive.RobertWinch,alongtimesociology professoratNorthwesternUniversity,statesinhisresearchthatourchoice ofamarriagepartnerinvolvesanumberofsocialsimilarities.Buthealso maintainsthatwelookforsomeonewith .Atalkerisattractedto someonewholikestolisten,oranaggressivepersonalitymayseekoutamore passivepartner.It’sratherliketheold,butperceptive,sayingonthesubjectof marriagethatadvisesfuturepartnerstomakesurethattheholesinone’shead fitthebumpsintheother’s.Or,asWinchobserves,it’sthebalancingoutof sociologicallikenessesandpsychologicaldifferencesthatseemstopointthe wayforthemostsolidlifelongrelationship. socialstatus mysteriousforces complementaryneeds equalpersonalities 1 2 3 4 032 Unit1|LoveandLife

25. 5 Whichisthebestplaceforthegivensentence? Noneofthishadevenahopeofanypracticalapplicationinmylife. ReedCollegeatthattimeofferedperhapsthebestcalligraphyinstruction inthecountry.(1)BecauseIhaddroppedoutanddidn’thavetotakethe normalclasses,Idecidedtotakeacalligraphyclasstolearnhowtodothis. (2)Ilearnedaboutserifandsanseriftypefaces,aboutvaryingtheamount ofspacebetweendifferentlettercombinations,aboutwhatmakesgreat typographygreat.(3)Itwasbeautiful,historical,artisticallycomplicated inawaythatsciencecan’tcapture,andIfounditfascinating.(4)Butten yearslater,whenweweredesigningthefirstcomputer,itallcamebackto me.Andwedesigneditallintothecomputer.Itwasthefirstcomputerwith beautifultypography. 6 Whatisthepurposeofthegivenpassage? RememberingthatI’llbedeadsoonisthemostimportanttoolI’ve everencounteredtohelpmemakethebigchoicesinlife.Becausealmost everything—allexternalexpectations,allpride,allfearofembarrassmentor failure—thesethingsjustfallawayinthefaceofdeath,leavingonlywhatis trulyimportant.RememberingthatyouaregoingtodieisthebestwayIknow toavoidthetrapofthinkingyouhavesomethingtolose.Thereisnoreason nottofollowyourheart.Yourtimeislimited,sodon’twasteitlivingsomeone else’slife.Don’tbetrappedbydogma—whichislivingwiththeresultsof otherpeople’sthinking.Don’tletthenoiseofothers’opinionsdrownoutyour owninnervoice.Andmostimportant,havethecouragetofollowyourheart andintuition.Theysomehowalreadyknowwhatyoutrulywanttobecome. Everythingelseissecondary. toencouragepeopletolivewell tocomplainaboutlimitedtime toemphasizecreativethinking togivecomforttodepressedpeople 1 3 2 4 033 CheckYourself

26. 7-8 Readthefollowingpassage,andanswerthequestions. IwasluckyIfoundwhatIlovedtodoearlyinlife.WozandIstartedApple inmyparents’garagewhenIwas20.Weworkedhard,andin10yearsthe companyhadgrownfromjustthetwoofusinagarageintoatwobilliondollar companywithover4,000employees.We’djustreleasedourfinestcreation —Macintosh—ayearearlier,andIhadjustturned30. AndthenIgotfired.Howcanyougetfiredfromacompanyyoustarted? Whathadbeenthefocusofmyentireadultlifewasgone,anditwas . Ireallydidn’tknowwhattodoforafewmonths.IfeltthatIhadletthe previousgenerationofentrepreneursdown—thatIhaddroppedthebatonas itwasbeingpassedtome.Butsomethingslowlybegantodawnonme:Istill lovedwhatIdid.TheturnofeventsatApplehadnotchangedthatonebit.I hadbeenrejected,butIwasstillinlove.AndsoIdecidedtostartover. Ididn’tseeitthen,butitturnedoutthatgettingfiredfromApplewas thebestthingthatcouldhaveeverhappenedtome.Theheavinessofbeing successfulwasreplacedbythelightnessofbeingabeginneragain,lesssure abouteverything.Itfreedmetoenteroneofthemostcreativeperiodsofmy life. I’mconvincedthattheonlythingthatkeptmegoingwasthatIlovedwhat Idid.You’vegottofindwhatyoulove.Andthatisastrueforyourworkasitis foryourlovers.Yourworkisgoingtofillalargepartofyourlife,andtheonly waytobetrulysatisfiedistodowhatyoubelieveisgreatwork. Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage? 7 TheCompanyThatFiredMe BeForever,MyFirstComputer What’sImportant?:YourFamily FindWhatYouLove:ItWillSaveYou 1 2 3 4 8 Whichonebestfitsintheblank? devastating fortunate joyful unimportant 1 2 3 4 034 Unit1|LoveandLife

27. SpeedReading1 HowDoILoveYou? Mostofusvalueourlovingrelationships, andsurelywehaveallheardthesayingthata successfulrelationshiptakeswork.Then,what wouldbethebestwaytoworkonrelationships? Weshouldstartbyunderstandingallofthe dynamicsinvolved.Todothis,let’slookatthe diagrambelowwhichwasdevisedbyAmerican psychologistR.J.Sternberg.Itgivesrisetoeight possiblescenariosoflove. Liking Intimacy,passion,andcommitmentindicate warmth,heat,andcold,respectively,inSternberg’s lovetriangle.Aloneandincombinationthey presenteightpossiblekindsoflove. Thefirstisnon-love—theabsenceofallthree components.Themajorityofourpersonal relationships,whicharesimplycasualinteractions, fallintothiscategory.Examplesofnon-lovecould beourrelationshipswithcoworkers,friends,and someteachers.Thelistgoeson. Thesecondkindofloveisliking.Ifyoujust haveintimacy,that’scalledlikinganditincludes suchthingsasclosenessandwarmthbutnotthe intensefeelingsofpassionorcommitment.You cantalktoaperson,andtellhimorherabout RomanticLove CompanionateLove yourlife.Andifthat’sallthereistoit,that’swhat wemeanbyliking.Itismorethannon-love.The bestexamplewouldbefriendship. Complete Love FatuousLove InfatuatedLove EmptyLove Ifyoujusthavepassion,it’scalledinfatuation. It’sa“loveatfirstsight,”whichcanrisealmost onthespotandgoawayjustasquickly.It involvesahighdegreeofphysicalattractionbut nointimacyorcommitment.Tounderstandthis kindoflove,imagineatenth-graderwhofalls madlyinlovewithabeautifulgirlinhisbiology class,butsoonfindshimselffallinginlovewith anothergirlinEnglishclass. Emptyloveiscommitmentwithoutintimacy orpassion,thekindoflovesometimesseen ina30-yearmarriage.Thecoupleusedtobe intimate,buttheynolongertalktoeachother. Theyusedtobepassionate,butthepassionhas diedout.Allthatremainsisthecommitment. Fortunately,thepassionandintimacycanbe restorediftheytry. Romanticloveisacombinationofintimacy andpassion.Ittendsnottolastbecausethereis Therearethreecomponents—intimacy,passion, andcommitment—whichareplacedatthepoints ofthetriangle.Throughhisstudies,Sternberg foundthateverytypeoflovecontainspartsor combinationsofthesethreecomponents.Also theyaregeneralacrosstimeandplace,though notalwaysweightedequally.Moreover,thethree componentsarealldistinctyetrelated.Youcan haveanyonewithouthavingtheotheroneor two.Otheraspectsoflovesuchasnurturing andcaringarealittlehardertodistinguish fromeachother,buttheyfitunderoneofthese components.Nowwewillexploretheeight differentkindsoflove.Youmightthinkthatyou arenotreadyforthis,butthere’snoharmin consideringthedifferentcolorsoflovebefore youeverfallinlove.Whenthetimecomes,you willappreciatewhatyou’velearnedhere. 035 SpeedReading1|HowDoILoveYou?

28. norealcommitment.Assoonasthepassiondies andtheintimacyfades,theindividualsnolonger feelinloveandtheygotheirseparateways.A goodmemoryintravelcanbeveryromantic, butyouknowitwillendwhenyoubothreturn home. Fatuouslovehaspassionandcommitment butlacksintimacy.Itisoftenreferredtoasa Hollywoodromance.Thecouplemeetone day,becomeengaged,quicklygetmarried,and then,ashorttimelater,theybreakup.Without intimacyandwithonlypassion,it’shardto maintainmuchofacommitment.Intimate relationshipsbetweentwopeopletaketimeto buildup.Theydon’tjusthappenwithasnapof thefingers.Eventuallythepassionwillfadeand thecouplethatrushedintomarriagewillbeleft withonlyastalecommitmenttoeachother... andthatisemptylove. Companionatelovecomesfromacombination ofintimacyandcommitment.Itisalongterm, committedfriendship.Thistypeofloveusually occurswhenthephysicalattraction,whichplays alargeroleinpassion,inarelationshiphas faded.Thistypeofloveiswhathelpscouples staytogether.Mostromanticrelationshipsthat surviveeventuallyturnintocompanionatelove. Thepassionsubsidesbuttheintimacyremains. Finallywegettoconsummatelove,orcomplete love,acombinationofallthreeelementsofthe lovetriangleinarelationship.It’sthekindoflove whichmanypeopletrytoachieve,especiallyin romanticrelationships.Achievingconsummate loveislikelosingweight.Itisdifficult,butnot impossible.Indieting,thehardpartiskeeping theweightoffafteryouhavelostit.Inlove,it iskeepinglovealiveafteryouhaveachievedit. Consummateloveispossibleonlyinveryspecial relationships. Asyoucansee,loveiscomplicatedandnot easytoexplain.Theeightscenarioshelpusto understandourrelationships.Wecanseewhat ismissingaswellaslearnhowtocombinethe differentcomponents.Eventhoughdeepand lastingrelationshipsarehardtoachieve,perhaps thistheorycanhelpusallreachtheultimate goal,consummatelove.920words Self-check 1streading 2ndreading 3rdreading mins. mins. mins. Q1Readtheabovepassage,andmatchthewordwiththerightdefinition. intimacy••drivesthatleadtoromanceandphysicalattraction passion •feelingsofclosenessandconnectedness • commitment• •thedecisiontoremainwithanother,orthesharedachievementsand plansmadewiththatotherperson Q2Readtheabovepassage,andanswerthequestionswiththewordsgivenbelow. 1.Whatislovewithonlyintimacyofallthreecomponents---intimacy,passion,andcommitment? 2.Whatislovewithacombinationofintimacyandpassion? 3.Whatislovewithacombinationofintimacyandcommitment? Companionatelove Liking Romanticlove 036 Unit1|LoveandLife

29. SpeedReading2 LeadersandFollowers Itissometimessaidthat leadershipisdefinedasthe activitiesofleadingorasthe skillsofaleader.Thisdefinition ofleadershipasksthequestionandisonlyhalf thestory.Leadershiporthecollectivebody involvedinleadingisnotjustabouttheactions ofaleader.Itisaboutalloftheindividuals involvedintheleadingprocess—leadersand followers.Theinvolvementofbothleadersand followersimpliesthatleadershipisnotthesole responsibilityoftheleader.Followersarealso responsibleforleadership. Inotherwords,leadershipisabouta relationshipbetweenleaderandfollower.It’s abouttheimpacttheleaderhasonpeople,rather thansimplyhis/herskills.Theirrelationshipbuilt bytheirinteractionshelpsdevelopormodifytheir perceptionsofoneanother.Theperceptionsthey formdeterminehowandtowhatdegreethey alloweachothertoinfluencetheiractions.Every organizationneedsleadersateverylevel.They canbefoundandnurturedwiththefollowing charactertraits.Aleaderwithvisionhasaclear pictureofwheretogo,aswellasafirmgraspof whatsuccesslookslikeandhowtoachieveit.It’s notenoughtohaveavision;leadersmustshare theirvisionwiththeirfollowers.Goodleaders createavision,clarifythevision,andcarryitout withdetermination. Aleaderwhobaseshisroleonintegritywill bemoreapproachablebyfollowers.Aleader mustwinandmaintainthetrustoffollowers bydemonstratingintegrity.Integrityisthe integrationofoutwardactionsandinnervalues. Peopleofintegritycanbetrustedbecausethey willneverthrowawaytheirinnervalues,even whenitmightgivemuchadvantagetodoso. Honestdealings,earnestreactions,controlled emotions,andcorrespondenceofspeechand actionareallsignsofintegrity. Withintegrity,agoodleaderdealswithothers consistentlyandjustly,whichmeansheorshe mustexhibitfairness.Whenpeoplefeelthat theyarebeingtreatedfairly,theyrewardaleader withloyaltyanddedication. Aleadermustbeassertivetogetthedesired results.Assertivenessisnotthesameas aggressiveness.Rather,itistheabilitytoclearly statewhatoneexpects,sotherewillbeno misunderstandings.Alongwithassertiveness comestheresponsibilitytoclearlyunderstand whatfollowersexpectfromtheirleader. Opennessmeansbeingabletolistentonew ideas,eveniftheydonotfitintotheusualway ofthinking.Goodleadersareabletosuspend judgmentwhilelisteningtoothers’ideas,aswell asacceptnewwaysofdoingthingsthatsomeone elsethoughtof.Opennessbuildsmutualrespect andtrustbetweenleadersandfollowers.Italso keepstheteamwellsuppliedwithnewideasthat canadvanceitsvision. Leadershipoccursatalllevelswithin anorganization.Itisnotconfinedtoonly thetopteam.Itcanhappenthroughoutan organization,fromtoptobottom.Itistherefore beyondhierarchy.Inanorganization,leading agroupmeansprovidingmemberswiththe rightdirections,andgivingguidancewhere itisappropriate.Allthiscanhappenthrough interactionsbetweenleaderandfollowers,and withtheirmutualacceptanceoftheother’s 037 SpeedReading2|LeadersandFollowers

30. position.Withoutfollowers’supportand acceptance,leadershipachievesnothing. Mostofusstartinanorganizationora communityasafollower.Itisrarethatanyof uswillstepintoanytypeofleadershipposition, formalorinformal,withoutdemonstrating thatwecanbeandaregoodfollowers.Thebest followersmakegoodleadersandthebestleaders makegoodfollowers.Thecharacteristicsof eachpositionareverysimilar.Themoreofthese followingtraitsyouhavesuccessfullydeveloped, thegreatertheprobabilityofyoursuccessasa goodleader. Afollowermustbeabletounderstandand communicatewiththeleaderandotherteam members.Aneffectiveleadermustreceive andbeamenabletolearnfromfeedback.Itis yourresponsibilityasafollowertoprovidethis informationtotheleader.Throughthisfeedback, thegroupmemberscandeterminehowmuch scopetheyhavetomovewithinoroutsideofthe groupnorms. Forbettercommunicationinanorganization, needsandfromtimetotimetochangesinthese wantsandneeds.Theabilitytolisten,which contributestothedevelopmentofsensitivity towardothers,isanessentialskillforagood follower. Acooperativeteamplayerisresponsible anddependable.Theseareveryimportant characteristicsforfollowers.Ifaleadercannot dependuponafollowerbeingatacertainplace ordoingajob,therewouldbenoplaceforthe followerinateam.Ifyouhaveanyhopeorany desiretobeamemberofagroup,ateam,orto beanythingexceptaloner,youmusthaveor developdependability. Almosteveryone,leadersorfollowers,likes toberecognizedandreceivepraise,especially iftheyhaveworkedhard.Peoplearemore attractedbypraisethanbycriticismandwill bewillingtoworkwithyouifyouacknowledge theircontributions.Itisimportantthatpeople begivenrecognitionfortheircontributions. It’shardtohaveallofthecharacteristicsofa goodleaderandagoodfollower,butthemost outstandingleadersandfollowerswillhave developedmostofthem.Improvementhasno limit!Whathaveyoudonetodaytodevelopyour leadershipcharacteristics?915words afollowermustbeperceptive.Thatis,heorshe needstobesensitivetootherpeople’swantsand Readtheabovepassage,andanswerthequestions. Whatdoestheinvolvementofbothleadersandfollowersimply? Q1 Whatmustleaderssharewithfollowers? Q2 Whenpeoplefeelthattheyarebeingtreatedfairly,whatdotheydo? Q3 Whatdoesopennessmean? Q4 Inwhatpositiondomostofusstartinanorganization? Q5 038 Unit1|LoveandLife Self-check 1streading 2ndreading 3rdreading mins. mins. mins.