Do Now: Day 1

1. Do Now: Day 1 • We will begin studying the ancient empire of Rome. What modern day country is Rome located in? • Define “aristocracy”. • Define “oligarchy”. • Define “democracy”. • Define “monarchy”. • Define “Council of 500”.

2. EQ: What is the political legacy of Rome? P- Describe the Roman Republic and compare and contrast it with the American Republic.

3. ROME!

4. Agenda • Do Now • Prayer/News and Notes • Write down EQ and SWBAT • PPT- end of Greece, beginning of Rome • Compare and Contrast Roman and American Republic “P” • Ticket Out/HW

5. What happened to the ancient Greek civilization? • Aristotle’s greatest student, Alexander the Great conquered and united Greece. • He conquered the middle East. • He expanded his empire all the way to India. • After fighting for 11 years straight his soldiers wanted to go home. • After Alexander died his generals fought amongst each other for power and the greatness of Greece was over. • The new powerhouse on the rise was located in what is modern Italy.

6. How was Rome founded? • Founding Myth: Mars (Ares) had twins with a woman. These boys were predicted to be more powerful than the current king. King drowned them, but they were saved by a wolf and grew up strong and killed the uncle and started Rome. ROMULUS AND REMUS • Truth: Founded by men who saw the strategic location of the 7 hills, its close proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, and the fertile soil that Rome offered • Founded by a mix of Greeks and Etruscans (Italians from the north of Italy). Eventually Etruscans always ruled.

8. Types of governments Type Description A. Rule by one all powerful king or queen B. The power is with the people C. Just a few individuals hold all the power D. The wealthy upper class holds the power E. They randomly select 500 ordinary citizens to lead the government 1 Oligarchy 2 Aristocracy 3 Council of 500 4 Democracy 5 Monarchy

9. DO NOW Explain why the greatness of the Greek civilization ended and the Roman Republic began. Finish the sentences below. You may use your notes. The Greek Empire ended when… After Tarquin the Harsh ruled the people decided… The myth about how Rome started says…

10. Who was the Last King of Rome? • Tarquin the HARSH was the last king of Rome. (yikes! You have to be cruel to get a nickname like that!) • Started his reign by refusing to bury the old king, murdering anyone loyal to him, and making himself head judge of all trials. • He tricked rival kings into meeting him and threw them in a pool of water and put stones on them so they would drown. • After his rule, the people of Rome decided they would never have a king EVER again and so the Roman Republic was founded.

11. Rome claimed: We have the best of everything!Claimed a republic has parts of a democracy, oligarchy, an aristocracy, and a monarchy. • Consuls: • Elected by the assembly • Ruled for only 1 YEAR to limit power • Chief of government • Chief of Army CONSUL CONSUL • The Senate: • Chosen from the aristocrats. • Job- to make laws and advise consuls • 300 members The SENATE • The Assembly: • All citizens of Rome. (but only males are citizens) • Grouped according to where they live • Vote on consuls • Makes laws The ASSEMBLY

12. The American Republic: Executive Branch EXECUTIVE President-? • 1 ruler • Limited to 8 years of power, (Two 4 yr. terms) to prevent dictators • The people elect the president • Job- runs the government, and is chief of the military • Two other branches to keep president in check (Legislative and Judicial)

13. The American Republic: Legislative Branch LEGISLATIVE US Senate and House of Representatives • Chosen from any American citizen, based on the region they are from. • Job: make laws and advise the president • 100 members in Senate, serves 6 years • 435 members in the House, serves 3 years • Elected by the people

14. The Roman Republic and American Republic: Judicial Branch Rome America: The Constitution US Constitution- the basic law of the United States Upheld by 9 judges Term- For Life • 12 Tables- a list of rules that is the basis for the Roman legal system. • Upheld by 8 judges • Term- 1 year

15. Agenda • Do Now • Prayer/News and Notes • Venn Diagram HW- Turn in! • Lecture/BBC Video- Why did the Roman Republic End? • Ticket Out • HW

16. Do Now Before you do the Do Now take out your reading guide so I can pick it up. Why do you think Rome fell?

17. EQ: If the Republic is such a good thing, why did it end? • SWBAT analyze why the republic ended and the empire began. • Prayer (thanks for the reminder Scott Tueres mi otroyo (You are my other self)Si tehagodano a ti (If I hurt you)Me hagodano a mi (I hurt myself)Si teamo y terespeto (If I love and respect you)Me amo y me respetoyo. (I love and respect myself.) Notes

18. Why did the Roman Republic end? • The gaps between the rich and poor grew wider and wider. • Small farmers couldn’t compete with the rich who had giant farms • Most farmers were ex-soldiers- they couldn’t believe Rome would treat them this way after they fought for these people. • Generals in the army began to grow very powerful, they promised these poor farmers land if they joined. • Soldiers began to feel more allegiance (loyalty) to generals than the consuls and the Republic.

19. How did Julius Caesar end the Roman Republic? • After his year as consul is up, he is not satisfied • Appoints himself general of Gaul (now France) • His men loved him because he fought alongside them • His victories made him popular all over the empire • The Senate orders Julius to disband his army and return to Rome • In three years he defeated all opposing Roman armies and the Senate appointed him dictator

20. BBC- The end of the Roman Republic http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfKwywgs1g4 1. What was Julius’ genius idea when he was outnumbered by the Gauls? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=li8oV4pq4QE 2. What does Julius Caesar mean when he says “Rome does not love her soldiers…she is run by corrupt aristocrats who profess to rule in your name,”? In other words, how does he convince his soldiers to fight with him to take over Rome? 3. What rule did the Senate worry Julius would break? Why would that be dangerous for the Repubilc? 4. What was the founding principal of the Roman Republic that Caesar threatened to violate? 5. Before Caesar’s threats, how long had the Republic lasted? POMPEY DECIDES TO FIGHT FOR THE REPUBLIC, CAESAR MUST DEFEAT HIM TO END THE REPUBLIC. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIRlfyz89MM&feature=related 6. What advantages did Pompey have over Caesar? How did it end? Caesar beats Pompey, even though he is outnumbered because of a miscommunication between Pompey’s calvary. He is appointed dictator of Rome and the Roman Republic has come to an end.

21. Ticket Out: Finish this sentence… The Roman Republic ended because…

22. HW 1. Take home RESPECT sheet and fill out the “P” for Rome and America.

23. Do Now Day 2: Read pgs. 161-162 and answer the following questions: Caesar’s Reforms • What are some of the reforms made under Caesar? • How did Caesar die? Beginning of the Empire • Who took over after Caesar? • How did the Second Triumvirate end?

24. EQ: What was life like in Rome? SWBAT: Be able to analyze how society was set up in ancient Rome.

25. Agenda • Do Now • Prayer Tueres mi otroyo (You are my other self)Si tehagodano a ti (If I hurt you)Me hagodano a mi (I hurt myself)Si teamo y terespeto (If I love and respect you)Me amo y me respetoyo. (I love and respect myself.) • Social Classes • Ticket Out

26. Summarize: What was the Roman economy like? • 90% of economy was based on agriculture. This is how Rome made money and supplied itself. • Created coins called a “Denarius”. It could be used anywhere in the Roman Empire- it was a common monetary system. • The great road system built by the Romans helped them trade with far off places, like Asia, for things they could not make themselves.

27. Summarize:How were social classes divided in the Roman Empire?

28. Summarize: What was life like for the Rich? What was life like for the Poor?What was life like for slaves?

29. Ticket Out What connections between Panem and Rome can you see? And America?

30. Fact or Fiction? Rome and The Gladiators SWBAT explain how gladiator games kept peace in the Roman Empire.

32. Why did ancient Rome have gladiator games? • Why was it called the “Bread and Circus”? • Who were the gladiators? • What kind of fights did they participate in? 5. How did they pair opponents? 6. Where did the fighting styles come from? 7. What did the Romans consider “politically incorrect” when choosing an ethnic fighting style?

33. Why have the gladiator games?The “Bread and Circus”

34. The“Bread and Circus” • Slaves = 1/3 of Rome’s population • Conditions of poor terrible- unclean, fire was a constant danger • Distraction: Emperor suggests “Bread and Circus” • Insulting! The implications of a “Bread and Circus” are that the public is values food and entertainment more than their rights • To keep the poor happy, they had 150 holidays a year by 250 AD Bread & Circus: Retail Stores 916 Walnut Street, Newton, MA - (617) 969-1141

35. Who were the gladiators? • Despite the Hollywood heroics, gladiators did not usually choose their profession - it chose them. Slaves, prisoners of war and condemned criminals were first in line to be taken up by a lanista, a trainer who would purchase gladiator candidates. • Thelanistasells them or rents them out for use in combats staged by wealthy individuals or public officials. • Arson, murder, mutiny and bankruptcy were among the acts that could win a sentence of "damnatio ad ludum" or "condemned to the gladiator schools." (As demand for gladiators increased, this judgement became more frequent.) 

37. Who were the gladiators?What kind of fights did they participate in?

38. How did the pair opponents? Where did the fighting styles come from?

39. What kind of fights did they participate in? • http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/games/gladiator/index_embed.shtml • Very unusual to pit the same styles of fighter of against each other • Originally the different fighting-styles must have evolved from types of combat that the Romans met among the peoples whom they fought and conquered - thraex literally means an inhabitant of Thrace, the inhospitable land bordered on the north by the Danube and on the east by the notorious Black Sea. • Subsequently, as the fighting-styles became stereotyped and formalized, a gladiator might be trained in an 'ethnic' style quite different from his actual place of origin. • It also became politically incorrect to persist in naming styles after peoples who had by now been comfortably assimilated into the empire, and granted privileged relationships with Rome. Hence by the Augustan period the term murmillo replaced the old term samnis, designating a people south of Rome who had long since been subjugated by the Romans and absorbed into their culture. • As the combat between each pair of gladiators reached its climax, the band played to a frenzied crescendo. The combatants (as we know from mosaics, and from surviving skeletons) aimed at the major arteries under the arm and behind the knee, and tried to batter their opponent's skull. The thirst for thrills even resulted in a particular rarity, female gladiators. • When the Colosseum opened in 80 AD, it was marked with 100 days of games that featured hundreds of gladiator fights, a ship battle and the slaughter of over an estimated 9,000 animals.  • Within a century of the Colosseum's founding, gladiator games were being held nearly continuously throughout the Roman Empire. Untold thousands of animals and humans died in the process. By the time animal combat was abolished in the 6th century, the rush to supply the games had wiped out elephants from North Africa, lions from Mesopotamia, and hippopotamuses from Nubia. 

40. Set up of gladiator fight • Gladiatorial displays were red-letter days in communities throughout the empire. The whole spectrum of local society was represented, seated strictly according to status. Part 1: The combatants paraded beforehand, fully armed. Part 2: Exotic animals might be displayed and hunted in the early part of the program. Part 3: Prisoners might be executed, by exposure to the beasts. Part 4/Main Attraction: The actual fight begins

41. POPULARITY • Graffiti found in ancient Rome: Celadus, suspiriumpuellarum = Celadus makes the girls swoon.

42. Clip 1: 47 • Fact or Fiction? 1. Were gladiators obtained in this way?

43. Clip 2: 58:23-1:06:30 • 2. Who did not cheer for the emperor on his return? • 3. Fact or Fiction: A black stripe indicated a Senator in ancient Rome? • 4. Fact or Fiction: Was plague and squalid conditions a problem for the people of Rome? • 5. Fact or Fiction: Did women ever have influence on the Senate? • 6. Fact or Fiction: They had 150 holidays each year so they could hold gladiator games.

44. Clip 3: 1:20-1:24:45 • Fact or Fiction: • 7. They would make gladiators pretend to be different armies that Rome had battled and conquered. • 8. Fact or Fiction: Women participated in the gladiatorial games.

45. Clip 4: 1:29:12-1:33 • Fact or Fiction: 9. The crowd could influence Caesar on whether to kill or spare a life. • Fact or Fiction: • 10. The thumbs up meant “spare their life”.

46. Clip 5: 1:40-1:46 • Fact or Fiction: • 11. They handed out free bread to keep the poor people happy and from rebelling.

47. Ticket Out • Make a list of FIVE FACTS you learned about gladiators. HW: Finish the “E” and “S” of Rome and America.

48. Do Now Summarize the society in Ancient Rome

49. Agenda • Do Now • Prayer 3. Rome and Religion • Ticket Out

50. EQ: Why is it the Roman Catholic Church? SWBAT analyze the cause for the rise and widespread popularity of Christianity.