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Y CHROMOSOME VARIATION

Y CHROMOSOME VARIATION. Males from Cis-Baikal Sites of Lokomotiv, Shamanka II, and Ust’-Ida

jesse-levine
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Y CHROMOSOME VARIATION

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  1. Y CHROMOSOME VARIATION • Males from Cis-Baikal Sites of Lokomotiv, Shamanka II, and Ust’-Ida • Examine the genetic relationships between prehistoric Cis-Baikal hunter-gatherer groups, specifically, indicating whether there was biological continuity or discontinuity between Kitoi (pre-) and Serovo-Glazkovo (post-hiatus) cultures • Which group best reflects the source population of contemporary Siberians • Address the question of whether one or both groups represent the ancestral gene pool of Native American populations

  2. STEPS • Acquire and Prepare Bone Samples for DNA Extraction • DNA Extraction • Molecularly Assign or Confirm Sex of Individuals • Characterize Individual Y Chromosome Genotypes • Assign Genotypes to Y Chromosomal Haplogroups, or Paternally Inherited Genetic Lineages • Sequencing • Determine Phylogenetic Relationships • Compare with mtDNA Data

  3. DETERMINATION OF SEX OF EACH INDIVIDUAL • Osteological Evidence • Amelogenin Gene • Some males may lack the Y copy of this gene due to a deletion and would therefore be incorrectly typed as female. • SRY Gene • Male sex determining gene

  4. Y Chromosome Genotypes • Short tandem repeats (STRs), or microsatellites • Useful in population studies because of their polymorphic character • A set of these informative mutations will be analyzed in the Lokomotiv, Shamanka II, and Ust’-Ida samples, and the resulting data compared to those from modern Siberian and Native American populations • Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) • Reflect unique mutational events • Characterize paternal lineages or haplotypes • The frequencies with which these SNPs appear in populations illustrate levels of genetic affinities.

  5. IMPLICATIONS OF Y CHROMOSOME VARIATION • Test hypotheses of biological continuity vs. discontinuity between Kitoi and Serovo Glazkovo cultures • Determine further genetic affinities • between one or both of these prehistoric cultures and contemporary Siberians • between one or both of these prehistoric cultures and contemporary Native American populations • Comparative study with mtDNA research conducted on same samples.

  6. Comparisons with mtDNA Results • By focusing on the levels of male homogeneity within and between pre- and post-hiatus populations, the Y chromosome data set will enable comparisons with parallel mtDNA work to study: • differential male/female mobility and migration patterns, burial organization, kinship relationships, exogamy/endogamy practices demographic structure • Differential levels of genetic affinities between prehistoric Cis-Baikal males and modern populations.

  7. MY 2 MONTH TRAINING IN THE LAB OF HUMAN IDENTIFICATION FOR ARCHAEOLOGY • Became acquainted with Lake Baikal mortuary sites, skeletal samples, and current research underway by BAP members. • Learned anti-contamination procedures and protocols in place for the retrieval of DNA from ancient samples. • Re-extracted 11 samples, in duplicate, from Lokomotiv and Ust’-Ida, which were previously determined to be male by osteological data and molecularly typed as male using Amelogenin. • Attempted to confirm their sex by testing for the male specific SRY gene. • Extracted 11 samples, in duplicate, from Shamanka II site, which were osteologically determined to be male. • Attempted to confirm their sex by testing for the male specific SRY gene.

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