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AVIATION HISTORY

AVIATION HISTORY. Lecture 6: Flight Instruments. Flight Instruments. Modern Flight Instruments. Airbus A320 Glass Cockpit. Introduction. History The very first aircraft had little or no flight instruments Flying during bad weather was risky

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AVIATION HISTORY

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  1. AVIATION HISTORY Lecture 6: Flight Instruments

  2. Flight Instruments Modern Flight Instruments Airbus A320 Glass Cockpit

  3. Introduction History • The very first aircraft had little or no flight instruments • Flying during bad weather was risky • Navigation depended on pilot’s ability to use landmarks or dead reckoning.

  4. Dead reckoning (DR) • Dead Reckoning is the process of estimating your position by advancing a known position using speed, time and distance to be traveled. • Term originated with maritime navigation and refers to "reckoning “or reasoning (one's position) relative to something stationary (dead) in the water."

  5. Flying Instrument • As airmail pilots began flying at night and in all kinds of weather in 1920’s, new instruments were developed to enable the aircraft to fly.

  6. Definition ‘Flight Instruments’ The instruments that used to display aircraft information and to control the orientation of the aircraft during flight.

  7. Then, on September 24, 1929--with Mitchell Field engulfed in fog--Doolittle and Kelsey climbed aboard the NY-2. Doolittle put the hood in place while Kelsey lifted his hands for bystanders to see that it was Doolittle at the controls. The NY-2 began its takeoff roll and soon disappeared into the weather. Doolittle flew away from the field, climbed to 1,000 feet and then turned toward Mitchell Field, navigating on the radio beacon supplied by the National Bureau of Standards. Once he established himself "inbound," he began a gradual descent, landing within a few feet from where he began his historic flight just 15 minutes before. "Fog Peril Overcome," heralded the New York Times. It was a new day for commercial aviation. The principles of instrument flight had been proven and the navigational problems associated with weather were overcome. Birth of Flight Instruments • September 24, 1929, First FLYING BLIND performed by Jimmy Doolittle’s. • Flying Blind means fly by the aid of Flight Instrument only, without a view outside the cockpit.

  8. First Flight Instruments 1. Visual radio direction finder • Using vibration system to direct the aircraft. The closer the plane is to the beacon, the more intense the vibration. 2. Artificial horizon (Attitude Indicator) • Showed the orientation of the flying aircraft in relation to the ground (show how the wings were tilted, show whether aircraft nose up/down /level. 3. Barometric Altimeter • Showed how far the aircraft above the ground. They will sensitively record the time and therefore the distance from the aircraft to the ground.

  9. Types of Flight (VFR or IFR) Different between VFR andIFR • VFR (Visual Flight Rules) • Flying depends on pilot by “see and avoid” procedure. • IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) • Flying depends on pilot and Air Traffic Controller (ATC). • Pilot depends on flight instruments to know the aircraft’s condition, route or weather condition.

  10. Why Flight Instruments Important • To enable the aircraft fly through the bad weather conditions and during night. • To ensure safety and reliable operation. • To give the early warning about any failure of aircraft’s system/part so that the pilot could take the immediate action.

  11. Basic Flight Instruments

  12. Six Basic Instruments Airspeed Indicator Attitude Indicator Altimeter Heading Indicator Vertical Speed Indicator Turn Indicator

  13. Also called as Altitude Meter • To indicate how high the aircraft is from sea level (altitude). • Measured in feet. • It works by measuring air pressure that enter through pitot-static system. • Air pressure increases and decreases as the aircraft descends and climbs 1. Altimeter

  14. 2.Airspeed Indicator • Tells the pilot how fast the plane is going. • To shows the aircraft's speed relative to the surrounding air. • Speed is measured in knots. • The airspeed can be calculated by measuring the differences of air pressure. • Air pressure is measure using pitot-static system.

  15. 3.Vertical Speed Indicator • To display the vertical speed of the aircraft. • It used to maintain proper rate of climb and rate of descend • Measured in feet per minute. • Rate of change is also measured based on air pressure differences through pitot-static system.

  16. Pitot-static System PITOT-TUBE

  17. 4. Attitude Indicator • To show the aircraft's attitude relative to the horizon. • Also called as artificial horizon. • Shows whether wings are level or not and whether aircraft pitch up or down.

  18. Attitude Indicator Examples

  19. 5. Heading Indicator • To displays aircraft heading/direction with respect to earth’s magnetic north. • Also called directional gyro or gyro compass (Use the gyroscope) • When the aircraft turns, the needle indicates which direction it is heading. • Measured in degrees (0-north, 90-west, 180-south, and 270-east)

  20. 6. Turn Indicator • To display direction of turn and rate of turn. Use the gyroscope. • For example, direction of roll while the aircraft is rolling. • Measured in degrees per minute

  21. Modern Flight Instruments “Glass Cockpit”

  22. Glass Cockpit

  23. 1970: NASA conducted research on flight instruments displays 1982: The success of the NASA-led glass cockpit work is reflected in the total acceptance of electronic flight displays in Boeing 767. By the end of the 1990s, LCD display panels were increasingly favored among aircraft manufacturers because of their efficiency, reliability and legibility. Nowadays, Modern aircraft such as the Boeing 777, Boeing 787, and Boeing 747-400, Boeing 767-400ER, Airbus A320 family (enhanced version), Airbus A330, Airbus A340 , Airbus A380 and Airbus A350 are fitted with glass cockpits consisting of liquid crystal display (LCD) units Glass Cockpit History

  24. A glass cockpit is an aircraft cockpit that feature EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrument System) On a glass cockpit aircraft, traditional flight instruments are replaced by an EFIS through LCD screens displaying flight information in most convenient form, each screen integrating several instruments. Glass Cockpit

  25. EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrument System) Apache Cockpit • EFIS installations vary greatly. • A light aircraft might be equipped with one display unit, on which are displayed flight and navigation data. • A wide-body aircraft is likely to have six or more display units. Boeing 777 Cockpit Bell 430 Cockpit F/A-18 - Glass Cockpit

  26. EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrument System) • An EFIS installation will have the following components: • PFD: Primary Flight Display • ND: Navigation Display • ECAM: Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor • FMS: Flight Management System

  27. 1. Primary Flight Display (PFD)

  28. 1. Primary Flight Display (PFD) • PFD replaces the traditional flight instruments. • The PFD displays all information critical to flight, including airspeed, altitude, heading, attitude & vertical speed • PFDs also increase awareness by alerting the aircrew to potentially hazardous conditions (for example, low airspeed, high rate of descent )by changing the color or shape of the display or by providing audio alerts.

  29. 1. Primary Flight Display (PFD) • The PFD is designed to improve a pilot's situational awareness by integrating all information into a single display. • The PFD is also designed to reduce the amount of time necessary to monitor the instruments.

  30. 2. Navigation Display

  31. Navigational Display - ND

  32. 2. Navigation Display • ND shows navigational information from multiple system. (VOR, DME, ILS) • ND also displays weather information from multiple systems (on-board radar or lightning detection sensors) • Similar with the PFD, the ND can change the color or shape of the data to alert the aircrew to hazardous situations.

  33. 3. Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor (ECAM):

  34. 3. Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor (ECAM) • ECAM also known as MFD (Multifunction Display) • ECAM monitors the overall aircraft systems, including its fuel, electrical and engine systems. • Give the pilots warning when there is a malfunction. • For example, if an engine begins to lose oil pressure, the ECAM might sound an alert, switch the display to the page with the oil system information and outline the low oil pressure data with a red box.

  35. Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor (ECAM) • The upper ECAM screen displays engine, flaps setting, fuel quantity and alert information. • The lower ECAM displays the various systems parameters.

  36. EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrument System)

  37. 4. Flight Management System (FMS) Multifunction Control Display Unit (MCDU)

  38. 4. Flight Management System (FMS) • The flight management system (FMS) is the avionics that holds the flight plan, and allows the pilot to modify as required in flight. • Given the position and the flight plan, the FMS guides the aircraft along the flight plan. • The FMS is normally controlled by Multifunction Control Display Unit (MCDU)

  39. Autopilot (AP) • Autopilot is a Computer device that can fly an airplane on its own. • Mostly used on long flights. • However, pilot is always present to monitor and check in whether the flight is going according to plan or not.

  40. Question Bank • Briefly, explain the risks of flying with no instruments. Provide three (3) reasons why flight instruments are importance.(9M) • Describe three (3) earlier instruments developed that had enabled aircraft to fly at night and in bad whether. (6M)

  41. Question Bank • State the definition of Flight instruments. (3M) • Explain six (6) basic flight instruments and their functions (12M)

  42. Question Bank • Give definition for Glass Cockpit. (3M) • Explain four (4) Electronic Flight Instrument System available in modern aircraft (12M)

  43. The End

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