BLOOD BANKING

1. BLOOD BANKING 1- BLOOD PRODUCTS 2- AUTOLOGOUS TRANSFUSION M. H. Shaheen Maadi Armed Forces Hospital

2. BLOOD COMPONENTS I- Red Cells: For oxygen carrying capacity II- Plasma : For coagulation proteins III- Platelets: For microvascular bleeding

3. RED CELL COMPONENTS 1- Whole blood 2- Red cell concentrates (Packed RBC) 3- Washed red cells 4- Leukocyte depleted red cells 5- Frozen red cells

4. WHOLE BLOOD • Anticoagulant: CPDA-1 • Shelf Life: 35 days At 1-6 * C • Volume: 450 ml blood Plus 63 ml CPDA= 510 ml

5. Cont… WHOLE BLOOD • Poor in coagulation proteins & platelets • Corrects oxygen carrying capacity and volume simultaneously • Indicated for the management of trauma and extensive blood loss • One unit of whole blood increases Hct by 3% and Hb level by ~ 1 gm

6. FRESH WHOLE BLOOD • Less than 5 days old • Indications: - Exchange transfusion - Major surgery with massive blood loss - Liver transplantation - Open heart surgery in infants

7. 2- RED CELL CONCENTRATES(Packed red cells) • Production: from whole blood; Plt. & plasma are produced • Shelf life: 35 days + nutrient= 42 days • Volume: ~ 200 ml

8. Cont…. Packed Red Cells Indications: • Correction of oxygen carrying capacity • Chronic anemia • Before major surgery • Trauma and emergency transfusion

9. 3- Leukocyte Depleted Red Cells • Preparation: Nylon wool filters • Indication: Non-hemolytic febrile reactions

10. 4- Washed Red Cells • Manual and automated washing systems • Must be transfused before 24 hours • Washing removes plasma proteins and reduce allergic transfusion reactions • indicated in recurrent an/or sever reactions

11. 4- Frozen Red Cells • Production: Red cells + Cryoprotective • Storage: Liquid nitrogen or Freezers • Preparation prior to transfusion: Thawing washing and addition of glucose • Transfusion: Within 24 after preparatoin • Indications: - Rare blood groups - Subgroup antibodies

12. Appropriate Transfusion Practiceof Red Cell Products in various surgicalsettings • One unit of red cells : 3% increment in Hct increases Hb level by ~ 1gm • Do not measure Hb &/or Hct before 2 hours • Factors adversely affecting the benefit from transfused red cells: - Continued blood loss - Hemolysis; immune mediated & mechanical - Suppression of erythropoiesis

13. Red Cell Transfusion in Acute Blood Loss • Blood loss of < 10% of total blood volume: No replacement therapy • Loss Up to 20% : Replace by crystalloids • Loss > 25% : Require red cell transfusion • Preoperative Hb < 10 gm: Historical gold standard for red cell transfusion • Each case must be evaluated individually

14. II- PLATELET PREPARATIONS 1- Platelet Concentrates 2- Apheresis Platelet Units

15. Appropriate Transfusion practice of Platelet Concentrates • Unit of Platelet Transfusion: - Conventional requirement is 6 units of pooled platelet concentrate - Apheresis platelet unites are largely dependent on donor parameters • Single donor (apheresis) platelets have low risk to recipients than do pooled platelets

16. Platelet Transfusion Dose • Apheresis Platelets contains 3 x 10^11 Plts • Six units of pooled platelet concentrate= 6 ( 5.5 x 10^10) Plts • Appropriate transfusion requirement for normal size individual • Post-transfusion increment of ; 5 - 8 x 10^9 /L

17. Cont… Platelet Transfusion Dose • Approximately one unit of platelet concentrate for each 10 kg body weigh • Objective in the preoperative period: Platelet count > 60,000 x 10^6 /L • Post-transfusion platelet survival: 6 - 8 days

18. III- PLASMA DERIVATIVES • Plasma products commonly requested: 1- Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) 2- Cryoprecipitate 3- Fibrin Glue • Plasma and its derivatives represent a valuable source in transfusion practice • Plasma production: Manually, Aphersis, Industrial fractionation

19. 1- Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) • Storage: 18 * C for up to 1 year • Transfusion: Thawed over 20 - 30 min • Validity: 24 hours after thawing

20. Indications of FFP 1- Multiple acquired coagulation defects: • Liver disease • Massive transfusion • DIC • Rapid reversal of warfarin effect 2- Plasma Infusion or exchange: • TTP • HUS 3- Congenital coagulation defects

21. 2- Cryoprecipiate • Production: FFP thawed at 4* C • Storage: At 18 * C for 1 year • Properties: contains fibrinogen, F VIII and vWF • Indication: Fibrinogen deficiency & hemophilia A

22. 3- Fibrin Glue • Topical hemostatic blood product • Production: 1- Cryoprecipitate 2- Thrombin • Cut , tailored and pasted • Indication: Hemostatic and sealant in cardiac , vascular and other surgical procedures

23. AUTOLOGOUS BLOODTRANSFUSION • HISTORY: - Remote: 100 years ago - Recent: HIV In 1980 th.

24. ADVANTAGES • Eliminates transfusion transmitted diseases (Hepatitis and HIV) • Prevention of transfusion immunologic reactions • Enhanced recovery from postoperative anemia • High cost benefit LIMITATION: • Risk of blood donation in some cardiac patients

25. Methods of Collection of Autologous Blood Donations 1- Preoperative 2- Intraoperative blood salvage 3- Intraoperative hemodilutionn

26. 1- Preoperative Autologous Transfusion • Autologous donation once a week - Normal erythropoiesis - Adequate iron supply • Large volume if cryopreservation is available • Well tolerated even in by some high risk donors • Limitation: Anemia developing during the donation interval (Erythropoietin may help) • In USA , less than 2% require allogeniec blood for elective surgery

27. 2- Intraoperative Blood Salvage 1- Systems without washing: - Modified suction devices - Simple and cheap 2- Washing systems: - combined suction device and continuos flow centrifugal system - Processing of large blood volume - Save ~ 50% of allogeneic blood requirements

28. 3- Intraoperative Hemodilution • Collection of autologous blood just before the start of surgery • Value in open heart surgery: - Saving of platelet number and function - Reduction of red cell loss - Improves tissue perfusion and oxygenation - Less expensive than preoperative donations