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A strategy towards enhanced bio-energy production from cane biomass

A strategy towards enhanced bio-energy production from cane biomass. LJC Autrey KTKF Kong Win Chang AF Lau. MSIRI April 2006. Land area (Thousand hectares). Roadmap. 2015. PART I. Bio-energy potential based on current technologies and cane varieties. Electricity. Island. Coal

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A strategy towards enhanced bio-energy production from cane biomass

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  1. A strategy towards enhanced bio-energy production from cane biomass LJC Autrey KTKF Kong Win Chang AF Lau MSIRI April 2006

  2. Land area (Thousand hectares) Roadmap 2015

  3. PART I Bio-energy potential based on current technologies and cane varieties

  4. Electricity

  5. Island Coal 534 Bag 301 Sugar Industry Electricity output in Mauritius(GWh) 3000 2015

  6. Coal 860 Coal 740 Island Coal 534 Bag 465 Bag 400 Bag 301 Sugar Industry Electricity output in Mauritius(GWh) 3000 Assumption: 5.5 million tonnes cane 130 kWh/t cane 65% total by coal Savannah 2 x 42 MW in 2007 Savannah 3 x 42 MW in 2008 1325 1140 2015 2007/08

  7. Savannah power plant under construction 2 x 42 MW in 2007 3 x 42 MW in 2008

  8. Coal 860 Coal 1120 Coal 740 Island Coal 534 Bag 400 Bag 600 Bag 465 Bag 301 Sugar Industry Electricity output in Mauritius(GWh) 3000 Assumption: 5.5 million tonnes cane 130 kWh/t cane 65% total by coal F.U.E.L 1720 2015 2009

  9. Coal 740 Coal 1300 Coal 860 Coal 1120 Island Coal 534 Bag 465 Bag 700 Bag 400 Bag 600 Bag 301 Sugar Industry Electricity output in Mauritius(GWh) 3000 Assumption: 5.5 million tonnes cane 130 kWh/t cane 65% total by coal 2000 Medine 2015 2012

  10. Projected electricity export from bagasse (kWh/t cane) The potential that will be exploited between 2007 & 2012 ? Belle Vue Target by 2012 A minimum of 130 kWh/t cane 4 co-generation plants instead of 10 82 bar boiler Factory no.

  11. Projected electricity export from bagasse (GWh) 700 In spite of a reduction of land area for cane cultivation, electricity production will rise to 700 GWh using current technologies and existing cane varieties. 2012

  12. Ethanol

  13. Ethanol is currently produced with molasses Maximum 33 000 tonnes Alcodis Mauritius Blending with gasoline to start soon

  14. PART II Strategic Research to Enhance Bio-energy potential New Technologies & New Cane Varieties

  15. Strategic Research in Mauritius To enhance bio-energy production • Breeding for more biomass • Collecting maximum trash from the fields • Ethanol from bagasse • Bagasse gasification technologies

  16. Strategic Research in Mauritius To enhance bio-energy production 1. Breeding for more biomass

  17. 1980’s • Intensification of interspecific programme with available wild species in germplasm collection for: • Genetic base-broadening • Windfall gain for enhancement of fibre Evaluation of Interspecific crosses

  18. 1990’s 470 (F1, BC1, BC2) new parent varieties available in collection for high fibre cane

  19. 2005 - 2007 Evaluation of 65 promising parent varieties (interspecific derived) in the collection for biomass, fibre and pol

  20. Breeding for more biomass in Mauritius New variety development initiative to meet future challenges What cane variety for bio-energy ? Different Scenarii 40 S. Spontaneum clones imported from Barbados in 2004 released from quarantine in 2006

  21. M 1672/90 A new promising variety with enhanced fibre content

  22. Current variety Fibre 10 - 12 % High fibre Fibre 20 - 30 % Sugar Bagasse for electricity & ethanol Less Sugar Much more bagasse for electricity & ethanol High quality Pol 17 - 22 % Current variety Fibre 10 – 12 % More Sugar More bagasse for electricity & ethanol Sugar Bagasse for electricity & ethanol High fibre Fibre 20 - 30 % High quality Pol 17 - 22 % Less Sugar Much more bagasse for electricity & ethanol More Sugar More bagasse for electricity & ethanol Energy cane Fibre > 30 % Small amount of sugar for ethanol/rum Much more bagasse for electricity & ethanol What cane variety for bio-energy ? Different Scenarii

  23. High quality cane Bx % C P % C F % C Barbados WI 99940 19.8 17.9 18.4 Barbados WI 96912 21.4 19.9 17.5 Mauritius M52/78 15.7 14.3 10.4

  24. High quality cane tested in Mauritius Promising varieties from Barbados Field Barbados Glasshouse Mauritius WI 99901 22.4 22.2 WI 96911 25.0 21.8 WI 96904 26.0 21.0 WI 96902 26.2 22.1 Brix % Juice

  25. Million tonnes Ethanol CO2 offset 216 1.5 445 2.5 222 2.5 55 2.6 M1672/90 321 223 1.7 Energy Content (ktoe) All sugar into ethanol Bagasse Normal 264 High quality 371 High fibre 580 Energy cane 781

  26. Strategic Research in Mauritius To enhance bio-energy production 2. Maximize trash recovery from the fields

  27. Impact of fibre on electricity export Trash recovery increasesfibrecontent in cane kWh/t cane Boiler 82 bar 525 oC  = 11 kWh/t cane Fibre % Cane

  28. Method of trash recovery – The DCCP concept Sugar Cane + Maximum Trash sent to factory DCCP Chopped Trash Clean Cane Factory Quality Sugar Bagasse

  29. Source: Union St Aubin World bank and GEF funded research on DCCP or trash recovery system A commercial system to be installed at Savannah

  30. 2005 2012 4 700 301 534 1300 35 % bag 65 % coal 2000 835 2015 Additional trash (offset coal) + 250 Assuming 400 000 tonnes recovered – Conventional steam cycle

  31. Strategic Research in Mauritius To enhance bio-energy production Cellulases and hemicellulases produced by micro-organisms to hydrolysehemicellulose and cellulose 3. Ethanol from bagasse

  32. Ethanol and Bioplastic from Bagasse 3 Steps 1. Lignin removal from bagasse 2. Convert hemicellulose and cellulose into simple sugars 3. Convert simple sugars into ethanol and bioplastic Lignin 19.6 Cellulose 40.6 Ash 6.3 Hemicellulose 28.4 Sugar 3.1

  33. Lignin • Amorphous polymer • 2nd most abundant biopolymer in nature • Binds hemicellulose/cellulose It gives rigidity to plants • Lignin can be used as fuel • Can be converted into dispersing agents and additives

  34. Hemicellulose O H • Low calorific sugar H OH Hydrolysis Hemicellulose • Furfural HO H • Ethanol H OH CH2OH Xylose

  35. Cellulose • Most abundant biopolymer in nature • Used as pulp/paper and clothing • Cellulose is hydrolyzed by acids and enzymes to produce glucose • Glucose can be fermented into ethanol

  36. Removal of lignin Two method were used on bagasse:- 1. Sodium hydroxide 2. Potassium hydroxide Preliminary conclusions:- Potassium hydroxide costs three times as much as sodium hydroxide but it has a major advantage: It can be recovered as potassium nitrate by the addition of nitric acid, and thus can be used as fertilizer

  37. Hydrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose into simple sugars Method 1 – Enzymatic hydrolysis Cellulases and hemicellulases produced by micro-organisms to hydrolysehemicellulose and cellulose Preliminary results:- At present stage the efficiency is around 10-15 %. Hence, we are currently optimizing the enzymatic hydrolysis process.

  38. Hydrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose into simple sugars Method 2 – Acid hydrolysis Picture shows newly acquired reactor. Some tests on pre-treated bagasse were carried out at 200 oC. Preliminary results:- Presence of reducing sugars.

  39. Strategic Research in Mauritius To enhance bio-energy production 4. Bagasse gasification technologies

  40. M1672/90 785 1830 High quality cane 895 2110 High fibre cane 1535 3390 Energy cane 2160 4640 Potential electricity export with bagasse as fuel Comparing conventional steam cycle with BIG-CC Steam cycle GWh BIG-CC GWh Current varieties 700 1630 Projected island electricity demand in 2015  3000 GWh

  41. Bagasse gasification technologies To enhance bio-energy production The MSIRI is seeking collaboration with a strategic partner to re-start bagasse gasification project. The ISSCT is setting up an International Sugarcane Biomass Utilization Consortium (ISBUC). The launching is planned for 11 July 2006 in Durban. The mode of functioning will be on the same line as the International Consortium for Sugarcane Biotechnology (ICSB). Bagasse gasification technologies will probably be one of the key issues that will be addressed.

  42. Final Target To make bio-refinery concept a reality

  43. Food products Sugar exports co2 Value-added molecules co2 Solar energy Sugar Cogen plants Cane biomass Sugar factory Cane and trash Bagasse and trash Biotechnology tools Leaves & trash Biofertilizers Steam & electricity Effluents from bioplastics Steam and electricity Biofertilizers Vinasse Cane juice Molasses Steam & electricity Sugar Ethanol distillery Bioplastic factory Bioplastics Ethanol Solvents co2 co2 Effluents Liquors, etc. The bio-refinery concept

  44. Back to Earth In Mauritius, currently the revenue from bio-energy is still low compared to sugar Photosource: http://www.nickyee.com/photoshop/earth-atlantic-1600.jpg

  45. 100% 29.0% @ US$ 350/tonne Current revenue from sugar and by-products 100% Sugar Electricity Ethanol 17.7% @ US $ 560/tonne ASSUMPTIONS 1 tonne sugar = MUR 16,900 1 tonne cane @ 10% IRSC = 100 kg = MUR 1690 Electricity @ MUR 1.75 kWh = MUR 202 Ethanol @ 0.44 USD / litre = MUR 97

  46. Dancing nakedin the mind field • Dr Kary Mullis • “ There is a very important rule in evolution. Don’t trouble yourself with details that do not matter for survival. Who ever can do something more efficiently, survives.” • Page 157

  47. Thank you for your attention

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