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Conversations with the Earth Tom Burbine tburbine@framingham

Conversations with the Earth Tom Burbine tburbine@framingham.edu. Quiz on Thursday. Moon Mars. Need to account for these things when you form the Moon. The Moon's low density (3.3 g/cm 3 ) shows that it does not have a substantial iron core like the Earth does.

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Conversations with the Earth Tom Burbine tburbine@framingham

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  1. Conversations with the EarthTom Burbinetburbine@framingham.edu

  2. Quiz on Thursday • Moon • Mars

  3. Need to account for these things when you form the Moon • The Moon's low density (3.3 g/cm3) shows that it does not have a substantial iron core like the Earth does. • Moon rocks contain few volatile substances (e.g. water), which implies extra baking of the lunar surface relative to that of Earth. • The relative abundance of oxygen isotopes on Earth and on the Moon are identical, which suggests that the Earth and Moon formed at the same distance from the Sun.

  4. Oxygen Isotopes • There are three stable isotopes of oxygen • They have masses of 16, 17, and 18 atomic mass units % • 16O ~99.762 • 17O ~0.038 • 18O ~0.200 • The oxygen isotopic ratios (17O /16O and 18O/16O of silicate rocks from the Earth and Moon are the same and are different from most meteorites and Mars

  5. Geologic Time Scale • A scheme to relate stratigraphy to time

  6. Why is there such a large age difference between the beginning and end of the Cambrian? Ma – million years http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/socal/geology/geologic_history/images/geologic_time_scale.jpg

  7. Cambrian is the earliest period where rocks are found with numerous large multicellular organisms that could be found as fossils

  8. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/fossils.html

  9. http://creationwiki.org/pool/images/thumb/c/c5/Evolution_timeline.jpg/400px-Evolution_timeline.jpghttp://creationwiki.org/pool/images/thumb/c/c5/Evolution_timeline.jpg/400px-Evolution_timeline.jpg

  10. http://www.cityastronomy.com/geologic-earth-moon-graphic.bmp

  11. http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/WebImg/LunarTimeScale.gif http://www.etsu.edu/physics/etsuobs/starprty/21200mwc/moonmap.jpg

  12. Mars http://www.daviddarling.info/images/Mars_large.jpg

  13. Mars • Names after Mars, Roman God of War • Mars has two tiny natural moons, Phobos and Deimos, which orbit very close to the planet and are thought to be captured asteroids. • Both satellites were discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall, and are named after the characters Phobos (panic/fear) and Deimos (terror/dread) who, in Greek mythology, accompanied their father Ares, God of War

  14. Percival Lowell (1855-1916) • Lowell produced intricate drawings of the Red Planet • Finding hundreds of straight lines (termed "canals")

  15. He thought • Lowell concluded that the bright areas were deserts and the dark were patches of vegetation • Lowell thought the canals were constructed by intelligent beings who once flourished on Mars.

  16. For years • People thought life could exist on Mars and Venus, the closest planets to Earth

  17. However, • Venus is extremely hot (~700-800 K) • Atmospheric pressure is 90 times that of Earth

  18. What happened on October 30, 1938?

  19. What happened on October 30, 1938? • http://sounds.mercurytheatre.info/mercury/381030.mp3

  20. Mars • The average recorded temperature on Mars is -63 °C with a maximum temperature of 20 °C and a minimum of -140 °C • Atmospheric pressure is 1/100 of Earth’s • Mars is often enveloped by planet-wide dust storms

  21. Dust Devils • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Marsdustdevil2.gif

  22. Dust Devils • Dust devils are smaller and weaker than tornadoes • They are caused by convection on hot, calm summer days. • Air near the surface becomes much warmer than the air above, creating an updraft.

  23. Key to Life • All life on Earth depends on water • So if you find water, you may find life

  24. Habitable Zone • The region around a star in which planets could potentially have surface temperatures which liquid water could exist

  25. In the past • Mars appeared to be warmer and wetter

  26. Atmospheres • Layer of gases that surround a body with sufficient mass • Gravity keeps the gases around the body

  27. Atmospheric Pressure • Pressure due to the weight of air above the measurement point • Pressure is force per unit area • Standard atmosphere is defined as being precisely equal to 101,325 Pascals where a Pascal is 1 N/m2 • 1 bar = 100,000 pascals • Pressure in the solar nebula was ~10-4-10-8 bars

  28. Phase Diagram http://img.search.com/thumb/d/dc/Phase-diag.png/300px-Phase-diag.png

  29. Mars http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast29jun_1m.htm

  30. http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/cha/T073590A.gifhttp://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/cha/T073590A.gif

  31. Pressure Temperature http://www.splung.com/heat/images/phases/phasediagram.png

  32. Any Questions?

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