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Conversations with the Earth Tom Burbine tburbine@framingham

Dive into the science of matter and its transformations through insightful discussions on atoms, elements, isotopes, periodic table, and chemical bonding. Learn about Bohr's model, radioactivity, and more.

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Conversations with the Earth Tom Burbine tburbine@framingham

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  1. Conversations with the EarthTom Burbinetburbine@framingham.edu

  2. Chemistry • The science of matter and the changes it undergoes.

  3. Atoms • Atoms are made up of 3 types of particles • Protons – positive charge (+1) • Electrons – negative charge (-1) • Neutrons – neutral charge (no charge) • Protons and Neutrons are found in the nucleus

  4. Elements • Different elements have different numbers of protons • The properties of an atom are a function of the electrical charge of its nucleus

  5. Definitions • Atomic Number – Number of protons • Atomic Mass – Number of protons and neutrons • U235 – atomic mass 92- atomic number • Isotopes – Same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

  6. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFIvXVMbII0

  7. http://www.chemicalelements.com/

  8. http://www.periodicvideos.com/

  9. Periodic Table • A chart in which all known elements are listed in order of atomic number • http://theodoregray.com/periodictable/

  10. http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/01/26/5925968-see-the-worlds-smallest-periodic-tablehttp://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/01/26/5925968-see-the-worlds-smallest-periodic-table

  11. Period – Horizontal row • Across any period, the properties of elements change • Group – Vertical column • Down any group, the properties of elements are very similar

  12. Radioactivity • Radioactivity – decay of an atomic nucleus • All elements with an atomic number greater than 82 (lead) are radioactive

  13. Bohr’s Planetary Model • Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific energy levels • Level n=1 is closest to nucleus • Level n=2 is second closest

  14. Shell Model • Electrons behave as they are arranged in a series of concentric shells around the nucleus • Innermost shell can contain 2 electrons • The second and third shells can contain 8 electrons each • The fourth and fifth shells can contain 18 electrons each

  15. Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell • These electrons participate in chemical bonding

  16. Ion • Ion – an electrically charged particle created when an atom either loses or gains one or more electrons

  17. Ionic Bond • Ionic bond – chemical bond in which an attractive electric force holds an opposite charge together

  18. Covalent Bond • Covalent bond – a chemical bond in which atoms are held by their mutual attraction for two or more electrons share • Molecules are held together by covalent chemical bonds

  19. Metallic Bonds • Atoms "share" electrons that float about in a general electron cloud

  20. Charges need to balance • Na ions carry a +1 charge • Cl ions carry a -1 charge • Na+ + Cl- → NaCl (Sodium chloride)

  21. HCl – Hydrogen Chloride • Li2O – Lithium Oxide • CO – Carbon Monoxide • CO2 – Carbon Dioxide

  22. http://www.hulu.com/watch/63320/cosmos-the-lives-of-the-stars#s-p1-so-i0http://www.hulu.com/watch/63320/cosmos-the-lives-of-the-stars#s-p1-so-i0

  23. Any Questions?

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