Gwastraff anifeiliaid / Animal wastes

1. Gwastraffanifeiliaid/ Animal wastes Prosiect CEFN Conwy Project

2. Cefndir / Background • ~ 90% o wastrafforganig y DU / ~90% of organic waste in the UK • Cynnydd / Increase • Dwyshad / Intensification • Gaeafudan do / Increased farm housing • Carthionyngymysg â hylif (slyri) / Faeces mixed with liquid waste (slurry)

3. Gwareduar dir / Disposal to land • Hen arferiad / Ancient practice • Manteisiolibridd, ail-gyflwynomaethion / Benefits soils, re-introduces nutrients • Sydyn & hawdd / Quick & easy • Rhad / Cheap • ‘Clymu’ a diwenwynocemegion a phatogenau/ ‘Binds’ and detoxifies chemicals and pathogens

4. Chwalugwastraff / Spreading waste • Dadansoddigwastraffcynchwalu / Analyse wastes before spreading • Faint ichwaluyndibynnuar / how much to spread depends on • Y math o wastraff / Waste type • Math a chyflwr y pridd / Soil type and condition • Faint syddwedi’ichwaluo’rblaen / Past applications • Math o gnwd / Crop type

5. Ond… But… • Cyfrifol am ~55% o achosion o lygreddamaethyddol / Accounts for ~ 55% of agricultural pollution incidents • Allyriadaunwyon tŷ gwydr /Greenhouse gas emissions • Pathogenau / Pathogens • E. coli O157 • Salmonellae • Campylobacter • Cryptosporidium

6. Pathogenau / Pathogens • Anifeiliaidheintiedigddimyndangossymptomau • Lefelauynamrywiogydaoed yr anifail, diet, tymor • Gall arwain at heintiodynol • Lefelauiselsyddangen • Plant, henoed a phobl o gefndirtrefol • Cylchynu’rpathogenauyn yr amgylchedd • Ail-heintioanifeiliaid • Infected animals asymptomatic • Levels vary with animal age, diet, season • May lead to human infection • Low infection dose • Children, elderly and those of urban background • Cycling of pathogens in the environment • Re-infection of animals

7. Goroesiad E. coli O157 survival

8. Bovine reservoir Bovine/Ovine reservoir Surface water Ground water Crops and soil Wild birds and other vectors Cylchecolegolfawr / Large ecological cycle

9. Y sefyllfa / The issue (1) • Gall chwalugwastraffanifeiliaidarwain at lygrumicrobaidd (e.e. wediglawtrwm) • Rheoliadaucynyddolgaeth o ran gwaredugwastraff (WFD, traws-gydymffurfio, NVZ, ayyb) • AY ynmonitrosafondŵrynaml • Spreading animal wastes may lead to microbial pollution (e.g. following heavy rainfall) • Increasingly stringent regulations regarding waste disposal (WFD, cross-compliance, NVZ, etc.) • EA regularly monitor water quality

10. Y sefyllfa / The issue (2) • Colliincwmganffermwyra’reconomiehangach • Gwelyaucregyngleision Conwy (£270,000 o golled y flwyddyn) • Twristiaeth • Angenadnabod y ffynhonnell/au (gwaithcarffosiaeth, meysyddcarafannau, cychod, ffermydd, adar) • Potential loss of money to farmers, plus the wider economy • Conwy mussel beds (£270,000 loss per annum) • Tourism • Need to identify the source/s (sewage works, caravan parks, boats, farms, birds)

11. Proffil: Gwastrafflladd-dyProfile: Abattoir waste

12. Chwalu ar y wyneb Surface application

13. …nawr wedi ei wahardd …now banned

14. Y gyfraithThe law • Gellir chwalu gwastraff os profir 1) bod hynny’n ddiogel a 2) ei fod o fudd amaethyddol / Can be spread if 1) proven to be safe and 2) has agricultural benefit Asesu effaith elifiant lladd-dy ar dyfiant glaswellt Abattoir effluent on pasture growth

15. Chwalugwastrafferaill?Spreading other organic wastes? • Helpu i leihau dibyniaeth ar wrtaith artiffisial; ond dylir cofio am ficrobau • Will help reduce reliance on artificial fertiliser; but need to remember about microbes

16. Gwastraff bwyd a chompost Food waste and compost

17. Llaid carthion Sewage sludge

18. LleihaullygrumicrobaiddReducing microbial pollution • Beth ddylemwneudfeldiwydiant? • Wedicaeldigonargaeleichgwylio, arolygua’chmonitro? • “If you can’t beat ’em, join ’em” • Angenbodynragweithiol • Yr un atebioni bob problem, mwyneulai • Gall CEFN eichhelpu • What do we do as an industry? • Fed up of being watched, inspected and monitored? • “If you can’t beat ’em, join ’em” • Pro-active approach needed • Effectively a “one-size fits all” approach • CEFN can play a role

19. Spreading methods

20. Ar y wyneb / Surface application Chwistrellu (bas neu ddyfn) / Injection (shallow or deep) Dulliau chwaluSpreading methods

21. Chwaluar y wyneb v chwistrelluSurface application v injection • Manteision chwistrellu • Lleihau colliant o amonia • Llai o ddŵr ffo • Llai o effaith ar flasusrwydd glaswellt • Rhoi’r maetholion yn nes at wreiddyn y planhigyn • Yn gyffredinol, llai o chwalu pathogenau a lleihau eu goroesiad • Benefits of injection • Reduced ammonia loss • Reduced runoff • Less effects on grass palatability • Places nutrients in plant-root zone • Generally, reduced spread and persistence of pathogens

22. GoroesiadE. coli O157 survival Avery et al. 2004

23. ‘Ffiltro’ ganwlypdir‘Filtering’ by wetlands • “Dal” microbau / “Captures” microbes

24. Lleihaugoroesiad a gwasgariadpathogenauReducing pathogen survival + dispersal • Gadael digon o amser rhwng hel a chwalu / Allow sufficient time from collection to spreading • Troi tail neu awyru slyri / Effective turning of manure pile or slurry (aeration) • Chwalu yn ofalus / Careful land-spreading • Lleoli storfeydd yn ofalus / Careful placement of stores

26. Casgliadau / Conclusions • Gall gwastraff amaethyddol gynnwys pathogenau • Nifer o ffyrdd i leihau goroesiad a gwagariad pathogenau • Pwysig fod ffermwyr yn ran o unrhyw benderfyniadau • Gwell cael cynllun gwirfoddol • Bydd prosiect CEFN yn gymorth i ffermwyr leihau’r siawns o lygredd microbaidd • Agricultural wastes may harbour pathogens • Many ways to minimise pathogen survival and propagation • Important that farmers are involved in any decision-making • Better if a voluntary scheme • CEFN project will help farmers reduce chances of causing microbial pollution

27. Cwestiynau? Questions? Cyllidir y project hwn yn rhannol trwy’r Cynllun Datblygu Gwledig a gyllidir yn rhannol gan yr Undeb Ewropeaidd a Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru. This project is part funded through the Rural Development Plan which is part financed by the European Union and the Welsh Assembly Government.