1 / 70

Exploring Biological Sciences: From Cell Structure to Genetic Engineering

Dive into the world of biology to understand cell structure, genetics, and more. Learn about the potential of engineering living systems, genetic engineering applications, and the benefits of biotechnology. Discover the significance and applications of synthetic biology in various fields. Explore the branches of biology like cytology and physiology, and study the fundamental aspects of living beings. Uncover the intriguing world of cells, from their discovery to the cell theory and different cell types. Delve into the structure and function of organelles, cell walls, and plasma membranes. Gain insights into the movement across plasma membranes and the fluid mosaic model.

jesusgibson
Download Presentation

Exploring Biological Sciences: From Cell Structure to Genetic Engineering

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Biological Sciences

  2. Course Objective • Understanding of biology based personal or social problems and issues such as health, nutrition, environmental management and human adaptation. • Ability to resolve problems and issues in a biosocial context involving values or ethical consideration • Understanding of basic biological principles such as genetics, nutrition, evolution, reproduction of various life forms, structure & function, relationship, diseases, diversities, integration of life systems, life-cycle, & energetic.

  3. Benefits of Biological Sciences • Focusing on Agriculture & Industry • Environmental issues • Biological warfare • Aid to scientific communities

  4. Learning outcome • Learning the potential of Engineering Living System • Understand key common features of Living System, Cellular structure & function • Basic understanding of cellular metabolism, Physiological processes & Metabolic engineering • Basic of Cell Division, Gene Control & Expression • Basic understanding of practical aspects of genetic engineering

  5. Benefits of Biotechnology • Genetically engineered food • High yield varieties • Pest & disease control • Less erosion • Human applications • Transgenic animals/ plants • Health care & diagnosis …

  6. Significance & Applications • Synthetic Biology • Inclusion of technology in daily life • Chemical Engineering - Eg. Bio-fuels, bio warfare • Civil Engineering – Eg. Waste Management, Forestation & Deforestation • Agriculture Engineering - Eg. Agricultural tools and techniques, High yield products, Composting etc

  7. Biology - Definition Biology is the science of life forms and living processes.

  8. Salient Features of Living Beings – Animals as well as Plants • Growth • Reproduction • Metabolism • Cellular Composition • Sensibility

  9. Branches of Biology • Taxonomy • Anatomy • Cytogenetics (Cytology + Genomics) • Histology • Physiology • Neurology • Endocrinology • Ecology • Applied Biology/ Synthetic Biology: • Anthropology Ichthyology • Sericulture Pisci-culture • Apiculture Dairy and alike…

  10. Cytology Cytology is study of structure and function of cell Cell is structural and functional unit of life. Life forms: Unicellular & Multicellular organisms Unicellular Organisms are capable of : • Independent existence • performing the essential functions of life.

  11. Discovery of Cell Robert Hooke (mid-1600s): • Observed sliver of cork • Saw “row of empty boxes” • Coined the term “cell”

  12. Cell Theory Propounded by Matthias Schleiden(a botanist, 1838)& Theodor Schwann (a zoologist, 1839): • All the living organisms are composed of cells and product of cells • Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell • All cells arise from the pre-existing cells

  13. Cell Structure

  14. Cell Size

  15. Cell Size • 1–100µm • Why is there a limit to cell size? a. Surface-to-volume ratio b. Distance from surface to center

  16. tallest trees adult human chicken egg frog embryo most eukaryotic cells mitochondrion most bacteria virus proteins diameter of DNA double helix atoms

  17. Surface-Area Ratio

  18. Characteristics of All Cells • A surrounding membrane • Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid • Organelles – structures for cell function • Control center with DNA

  19. Cell Types • Prokaryotic • Eukaryotic

  20. Prokaryotic Cells • First cell type on earth • Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea

  21. Prokaryotic Cells • Have no membrane-bound organelles • Include true bacteria • On earth 3.8 million years • Found nearly everywhere • Spores in each breath; intestines • Naturally in soil, air, hot springs

  22. Eukaryotic Cells • Nucleus bound by membrane • Include algae, fungi, plant and animal cells • Possess many organelles Protozoan

  23. Representative Animal Cell

  24. Representative Plant Cell

  25. microtubules (part of cytoskeleton) mitochondrion chloroplast Golgi complex central vacuole smooth endoplasmic reticulum vesicle cell wall rough endoplasmic reticulum plasma membrane nucleolus nuclear pore nucleus chromatin nuclear envelope intermediate filaments free ribosome ribosomes

  26. nucleoid (DNA) ribosomes food granule prokaryotic flagellum plasma membrane cell wall cytoplasm

  27. Cell Organelles • Cellular machinery • Two general kinds • Derived from membranes • Bacteria-like organelles

  28. Cell Walls • Surrounds plasma membrane • Found in fungi & plant cells • Chemical Composition of cell wall: • Fungi – Chitin; Plant Cells - Cellulose

  29. Plasma Membrane • Contains cell contents • Double layer of phospholipids & proteins

  30. Movement Across the Plasma Membrane • Hence known as Selectively Permeable Membrane • A few molecules move freely such as Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen • Carrier proteins transport some molecules • Proteins embedded in lipid bi-layer • Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a lipid bi-layer with proteins

  31. Phospholipids 2 Parts of Phospholipids: • Hydrophilic head • Hydrophobic tail

  32. Membrane Proteins 1. Channels or transporters • Move molecules in one direction 2. Receptors • Recognize certain chemicals

  33. Membrane Proteins 3. Glycoproteins • Identify cell type 4. Enzymes • Catalyze production of substances

  34. Cytoplasm • Viscous fluid containing organelles • components of cytoplasm: • Interconnected filaments & fibers • Fluid = cytosol • Organelles (not nucleus) • storage substances

  35. Cytoskeleton Filaments & fibers Composed of 3 types: • Microfilaments • Microtubules • Intermediate filaments Performs 3 functions: • mechanical support • anchor organelles • help move substances

  36. Nucleus • Control center of cell • Double membrane structure • Contains : • Chromosomes • Nucleolus

  37. Nuclear Envelope • Separates nucleus from rest of the cell • Double membrane porous structure

  38. nuclear envelope nucleolus nuclear pores chromatin

  39. nucleus nuclear pores

  40. Function of Nucleolus • Directs synthesis of RNA • Synthesis of ribosome

  41. DNA • Hereditary material • Composition of DNA: • N- Base Pairs • Pentose Sugar • Phosphate • Functions of DNA: • DNA Replication • Proteins Synthesis • Form the basis for cell division

  42. Membranous Organelles • Functional components within cytoplasm • Bound by membranes

  43. Eukaryotic cell structure • Nucleus is control center of the cell • 1. Membrane bound (nuclear envelope) • 2. Contains nucleoli; synthesizes ribosomal RNA • 3. DNA in chromosomes (DNA and proteins)

  44. Eukaryotic cell structure Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum consists of folded membranes attached to the nucleus Rough ER is site for protein synthesis Smooth ER is site for Lipid synthesis

  45. Eukaryotic Cell Structure Organelles (cont.) Ribosomes assemble amino acid into polypeptide chains • a. Associated with the ER • b. Composed of RNA and proteins

  46. Eukaryotic Cell Structure • Organelles (cont.) • Golgi apparatus are membranous sacs associated with ER • a. Processing and transport of proteins, lipids • b. Synthesis and transport of polysaccharides

  47. Eukaryotic cell structure • Organelles (cont.) • Lysosomes are Golgi-derived vesicles containing digestive enzymes

  48. Eukaryotic Cells: OrganellesEnergy sources for cell activities • Mitochondria provide energy for cellular functions (respiration) • a. Membrane bound, numerous • b. Matrix/cristae • c. Have their own DNA and ribosomes; self-replicate

  49. Eukaryotic Cells: OrganellesEnergy sources for cell activities • Chloroplasts—function in photosynthesis • 1) Green—contain chlorophyll pigment • 2) Stroma/grana (thylakoid stacks) • 3) Have their own DNA and ribosomes; self-replicate • 4) Up to 100 per cell

More Related