Official and personal use of the flag has continued with controversy, as it is an emotional topic

2. Official and personal use of the flag has continued with controversy, as it is an emotional topic • Struggle between tradition and change • Disagreement over its symbolism • Racist relic and icon of supremacy • Southern heritage and distinct cultural and sectional pride

3. Known as Southern Cross, Dixie Flag or Rebel Flag • The cross of St. Andrew, Scotland’s patron saint • South’s obsession with Scotland’s “Lost Cause” • Cross positioned diagonally to not alienate South’s Jewish citizens with Christian symbolism • Rectangular version never historically represented the Confederacy as a nation. • But it has become a recognized symbol of the South

4. Issue of racial sensitivity • Flag as a symbol of a racist past, a past of servitude, slavery and second-class citizenship • African-Americans have no desire to revel in so-called glory and bravery of such a heritage • Blacks not likely to have any fond, idealistic remembrances of the Old South or have any sympathy for the Confederate cause • The flag is a semi-official symbol that represents old white traditions and exclusionary feelings toward Blacks • Since the symbol lingers, that’s evidence that racism is alive and well

6. Stars and Bars • First official flag of CSA: March 1861-May 1863 • Inspired by Austria’s national flag and designed by a Prussian artist in Alabama • 1st Battle of Bull Run: similarity of the Stars and Bars & the Stars and Stripes caused confusion and military problems • General P.G.T. Beauregard wanted a new national flag or a new battle flag for his own command

8. Second National Flag • “The Stainless Banner” • May 1863 – March 1865 • Criticized because it could be mistaken for a flag of truce and because it was too easily soiled. • Often referred to as The battle flag of the Confederacy since it was the design that was the basis of more that 180 separate Confederate military battle flags

10. Third National Flag • “The Blood Stained Banner” • March 1865 to April 1865 • This redesign had as little as possible of Yankee blue • symbolized the primary origins of the people of the South • the cross of England and the red bar from the flag of France

11. 20th CenturyReturn to popular culture • World War II • Military units with Southern nicknames made the flag their unofficial banner • USS Columbia flew the flag throughout combat in South Pacific • Battle of Okinawa, the Rebel Company raised the flag over Shuri Castle • College football • UNC fans brought flags to game in October 1947 • U.Va. fans did same in November 1947 • Dixiecrats • Took flag as symbol when Strom Thurmond ran for president in 1948 • A symbol against civil rights and the impositions of a distant federal govt. • Klan • Also started using the flag in the 1940s

13. The flag’s use has been vigorously debated in many Southern states the 1990s • It’s a culture war with most “flag flaps” sparked by African-Americans protesting the badge of white supremacy • The irony of North Carolina changing its flag is that it more closely resembles the first official flag of the Confederacy

16. In 2000, flag removed from top of State House dome to a monument in front of the Capitol. • NAACP and NCAA maintain official boycott of South Carolina. • Economics and Tourism • Fear of offending tourists and scaring off businesses • The “Autobahn” of the South vs. the “Cracker Capital of America”

18. Battle Flag became part of Mississippi flag in 1894 • In 2001, citizens of the state voted 2:1 to the keep the Battle Flag emblem within the state flag

20. Alabama and Florida flags appear to be of Confederate inspiration • But they are originally derived from the Cross of Burgundy flag, which flew over Spanish Florida territory

22. University of Mississippi • “Ole Miss” as plantation owner’s wife • “Dixie” discontinued as fight song • No more Confederate Flag waving in stands • Mascot changed from Colonel Reb to brown bear • “It’s hate speech because its use in the South was a use intended to convey the ideology of white supremacy and the inhumanity and subordination of African-Americans”

26. “The Proper Way to Hang a Confederate Flag” • Art display that depicts that flag being lynched from a 13-foot-high wooden gallows • Museum is across the street from the Florida Capitol, where, until 2001 a Confederate flag flew • Gov. Jeb Bush had it removed and placed in a museum

30. http://video.msnbc.msn.com/nbc-news/47173876#47173876 1:30 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X90JCRvAgts stop at 4:20 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-mYwRxI2oE stop at 5:30

33. One historian summarized the `decade’ from 1954 to 1968 this way: “This decade . . . saw more social change, more court decisions, and more legislation in the name of civil rights than any decade in our nation’s history. Those changes were forced by millions of Americans who, with a sense of service and justice, kept their eyes on the prize of freedom.” • “What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore – and then run? Or does it just explode? • Langston Hughes in poem Harlem • “I know one thing we did right, was the day we started to fight, keep your eyes on the prize, hold on hold on” • “Eyes on the Prize”: `54-`68

34. Plessey v. Ferguson 1896 • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 1954 • Brown II 1955 • “with all deliberate speed” • Immediately vs. long time or never • 1955 and `56: de-segregation went smoothly in MD, KY, DL, OK, MO. AL initially declared it would obey courts

35. Massive White Resistance • Jerry Falwell: black people destined to be servants because of curse from God; Court decision inspired by Moscow. • White Citizens’ Councils • Every southern city: preserve South’s “sacred heritage of freedom” • Intimidate blacks (lose jobs, evict, deny credit) • VA closed all public schools to thwart integration • Strom Thurmond: “The Southern Manifesto” • Brown = “unwarranted power by Court, contrary to Constitution” • Albert Gore Sr. of TN and Lyndon B. Johnson of TX = only southern senators not to sign it • De-segregation ground to halt • 1958: 13 school systems desegregated • 1960: only 17 total

42. Little Rock Nine - 1957 • Orval Faubus posted 250 National Guard soldiers outside Little Rock Central HS to … prevent 9 black youths from entering • Federal court overruled gov – removed troops, let kids face mob • Ike sent 1,100 paratroopers • 1st time since Reconst. troops sent to South • Faubus closed it `58 • 8 of 9 endured abuse, harassment, curses • Elizabeth Eckford

44. The Problem We All Live With Norman Rockwell painted The Problem We All Live With in 1964. It depicts federal marshals guarding six-year-old Ruby Bridges on her way to elementary school in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1960.

45. The Clinton 12 • Clinton High School, (Clinton, TN) integrated in 1956 – one earlier than Little Rock Central • “The only thing I was thinking about on the first day of school" said Bobby Cain, the first African-American graduate of CHS, “was my safety, in terms of entering the school, and hoping that I would be able to go back to my home that evening.” • Prior to 1956, African-Americans in Clinton were required to go to a high school 18 miles away in Knoxville, TN • Though the response to this integration was initially positive, but changed when white supremacists started showing up with anti-integration propaganda. Almost instantly, violence erupted, with everyone in the town choosing sides. The tension reached a breaking point two years later when CHS was blown up.

47. Southern Universities • ’62 James Meredith at Ole Miss • JFK sent in National Guard • University of Alabama • Gov. George Wallace personally blocked door • “segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever”

50. The two 2007 Supreme Court cases on Affirmative Action in schools