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Operations Research in Air Transportation

Operations Research in Air Transportation. Air Transportation System. Infrastructure Airports ATM (Air Traffic Management) ATFM (AT Flow Management) ATC (AT Control) Superstructure Commercial Flights Private Flights Military Flights.

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Operations Research in Air Transportation

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  1. Operations Researchin Air Transportation

  2. Air Transportation System • Infrastructure • Airports • ATM (Air Traffic Management) • ATFM (AT Flow Management) • ATC (AT Control) • Superstructure • Commercial Flights • Private Flights • Military Flights

  3. Eurocontrol ATFM area and an example of Sectorization

  4. ATM (AT Management) Motivation for improvement • New technologies • CNS (Communications Navigation Surveillance) • Datalink • Better weather forecasting • New economic framework • Deregulation • Liberalization • Competition

  5. Aviation Authorities (ICAO, FAA, Eurocontrol, National Aviation Authorities) are adopting new ATM concepts: • FANS (Future Air Navigation System) • Free Flight • CDM (Collaborative Decision Making) and tools, for example: • COMPAS • MAESTRO • CTAS

  6. SAFETY • Primary objective of ATM system • Same separation rules in the last 15 years (except for vertical separation …) • Lack of quantitative models • Need for a greater flexibility • Implementation of new concepts requires careful examination (example: implications of Free Flight)

  7. ATFM (AT Flow Management) • Providers • FAA • Eurocontrol CFMU (Central Flow Management Unit) • ATM is continuously evolving • Excellent information, elaboration and visualization capabilities • Lack of satisfactory decision support systems • Need for real time tools able to handle uncertainties (e.g., weather) and dynamically changing reality.

  8. Example of GUI

  9. Over 95% of the total EUROCONTROL Route charges revenues

  10. Forecasted no. of IFR flights in CFMU area

  11. Demand Scheduled flights Charter flights General Aviation Military flights State flights … System Capacity Airports (number of take-off/landings) Airways Sectors (no. of flights entering the sector or no. of flights in the sector) ATFM

  12. ATFM

  13. ATFM

  14. First solution: Ground Holding • Ground holding safer than airborne holding • Ground holding cheaper than airborne holding N.B.: Flight shift in time

  15. Second solution: Rerouting • It is sometimes directly imposed by the Aviation Authority (CFMU) • Could be in-directly imposed: air traffic demand management N.B.: flight shift in space

  16. Ground Holding • Ground holding better than airborne delay • History: 1981 USA AT controllers strike • Dimensions (No. of daily flights): • 60,000 domestic flights in USA • 30,000 flights in Eurocontrol zone

  17. Ground Holding Problem MIT Padova University

  18. GH model(meaning) MIN Total Cost of (ground + airborne delays) subject to: • Capacity constraints • Assignment constraints • Coupling constraints • Integrality constraints

  19. GH model(type and dimensions) • The resulting model is a MIP (Mixed Integer Programming) problem with a few hundred thousands boolean variables and constraints • The problem is NP-hard (i.e., difficult) • Yet, the instances using real data were easy to solve

  20. Rerouting A rerouting is sometimes imposed by CFMU. Rerouting implies different route charges! € € € € € € €

  21. EUROCONTROLroute charge formula Totalcost: where for each State i the charge is given by: Distance traveled in State i Unit rate in State i

  22. Critics to EUROCONTROL formula: Should better reflect actual ATC costs: • Use time rather than distance? • Question the importance of weight (augment the exponent from 0.5 to 0.87 ?) • Efficiency in providing ATC services should be taken into account • …

  23. Air Navigation and Airport User Charges • Great interest internationally • Background of rising infrastructure costs and security costs at a time of global industry crisis • Multiple objectives for charging systems: • Cover costs of service providers • Cost-related charging formulae • Provide incentives to improve efficiency/performance of service providers • Inform prioritization of investments • Promote operational efficiency (e.g., reduce congestion) • Transparency and user participation • etc.

  24. IRCSproject(Trieste + Padova) Innovative Route Charging Schemes For more information see: www.eurocontrol.int/care/innovative/projects2002/ircs/

  25. IRCS Specific Issues (partial list) • Alternative charging formulae • Common unit rate • Two-part charge, etc. • Impacts of alternative charging systems • Charge according to flight plan • Tax on tickets • Containment of service provider costs • Other?

  26. General aim of IRCS project the final purpose of the Innovative Route Charging Schemes project is: • to study the impact of changes in en-route charges • with respect to the demand and supply sides of ATM • in a view to improve the overall efficiency of the system

  27. Market based Flow Demand Management and Rerouting Odoni, Fan, … (MIT) Andreatta, Lulli (Padova)

  28. Optimal congestion fee A congestion fee on a user is optimal when it is equal to the external costs that the user imposes on the other users. For a M/G/1 queue: Marginal Internal External cost cost cost + =

  29. Idea under investigation • Without congestion fee, BIG aircraft are penalized • With “optimal” congestion fee, SMALL aircraft are penalized Why not consider different categories and compute the “external” cost imposed within each category?

  30. Airports

  31. Airport modeling • Landside (Passenger terminal) • Baggage handling • Apron stand allocation • Arrival aircraft sequencing

  32. Airport landside modeling European sponsored projects: • IV UE framework program: “TAPE” • V UE framework program: “OPAL” • VI UE framework program: “SPADE” Padova University Rome “La Sapienza” University Athens AUEB Toulouse ONERA Delft University

  33. Input file Output file Output file Output file run SLAM Implementation • Program: ANSI C, LEX and YACC • Graphic User Interface: JAVA • Run under UNIX and WINDOWS

  34. Apron stand allocation Romanin-Jacur, Filippi

  35. Arrival aircraft sequencing Bianco, Rinaldi, Dell’Olmo, Lulli, …

  36. AIRLINES

  37. Airlines Deregulation and Liberalization drive a higher competition Need to reduce costs Need to enhance revenues

  38. Airlines costs • The Passenger Mix Model • The Fleet Assignment Problem • The Crew Pairing Problem, the Aircraft Routing Problem, and the Integrated Crew Pairing-Aircraft Routing Problem • The Schedule Design Problem • Integrated Models

  39. Airlines revenues • Revenue management • Seat pricing • Seat categorization • Integration

  40. Optimization Methods • Integer Linear Programming • Greedy algorithms • Genetic algorithms • Tabu search • Bi-linear programming models

  41. Where in the USA ? • NEXTOR • MIT • Virginia TECH • U. of Maryland • UC Berkeley • GMU • FAA

  42. Where in Italy • Padova • Andreatta, Brunetta, Lulli, Romanin-Jacur, … • Rome • Dell’Olmo, Bianco, … • Trieste • Ukovich, Castelli, Pesenti, … • Siena • Marti

  43. Thank You Padova References: www.dei.unipd.it/~brunetta/at_papers/

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