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Frank R. Leslie B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE

Sustainability through Renewable Energy !. Frank R. Leslie B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE Adjunct Professor, Florida Tech, DMES President, Florida Renewable Energy Association fleslie @ fit.edu; (321) 674-7377 http://my.fit.edu/~fleslie f.leslie @ ieee.org; (321) 768-6629.

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Frank R. Leslie B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE

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  1. Sustainability through Renewable Energy ! Frank R. Leslie B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology, LS IEEE Adjunct Professor, Florida Tech, DMES President, Florida Renewable Energy Association fleslie @ fit.edu; (321) 674-7377 http://my.fit.edu/~fleslie f.leslie @ ieee.org; (321) 768-6629 “Stewards of the Earth” 3/3/2007, Rev. 1.3

  2. 1.1 Florida Renewable Energy Association (FREA) • FREA is the Florida Chapter (www.cleanenergyflorida.org) of the American Solar Energy Society, ASES (www.ases.org) • FREA advocates energy efficiency and conservation to increase renewable energy use • FREA supports a public benefit fund to increase use of renewable energy (RE) • ASES is the American Section of the International Solar Energy Society, ISES www.ises.org • Mission: Advance the use of solar energy • Goals: • Ensure that federal, state, and local policies support the development and use of solar energy • Advance research, development, and use • Educate consumers • Prepare the future workforce • Publish “Solar Today” magazine • Sponsor the National Solar Energy Conference (Cleveland, Ohio in 2007)

  3. 1.1.1 ISES-Hungary: “Harmony with Nature” • Section was formed in 1983 by Prof. Dr. Lazlo Imre, Dep’t. of Energy Engineering, Budapest Univ. of Technology and Economics (BUTE) • ISES-Hungary held the 1993 ISES Solar World Congress in Budapest • 960 participants from 73 countries • Hungarian Solar Energy society (HSES) formed in 1993 is now operating ISES-Hungary • SunDay programs started 1994 – a solar fair • Hungarian Solar Participation Program of UNESCO supplies free solar energy training materials to high schools and universities [Boer, 2005]

  4. 2. Sustainable Energy: How Renewable Energy Affects the Quality of Life • Sustainable energy lasts indefinitely, unlike fossil and nuclear fuels that are extracted from the earth • Renewable energy resources vary worldwide, thus conversion is affected by the relative costs • Fossil fuels emit carbon dioxide (CO2) when burned along with pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic components (VOCs) • These emissions cause public health problems and are widely believed to lead to global warming and its consequences • Nuclear energy is fueled by depletable uranium oxide and has a “social problem” (“fear and loathing”) • Concerns of waste storage, radioactive release, and weapons proliferation • Clean renewable energies have no emissions and can reduce the problems of fossil fuels

  5. 3.1 Global Warming and/or High Fuel Prices? • Whether you believe in global warming or not, shift to using renewable energy to avoid emissions and increasing fuel depletion costs • Fossil emission costs aren’t included in ratepayers’ bills • Los Angeles smog exemplifies transportation pollution • Asthma, lung disease, eye irritation • Coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy are subsidized by the taxpayers • Wind energy costs about the same as new coal plant energy --- ~2.4¢/kWh • As a fuel depletes, demand chasing reduced supply drives prices higher --- where will it stop? $2.47/gallon on 3/2/2007

  6. 3.2 Results of Florida Energy Office 2007 Awards • $15 million grants for RE and $5 million for biofuels • Heavy support for ethanol fuel production • Orange trees and sugarcane, $2.5 for 4 million gallon/year ethanol biorefinery; $2.5 million biomass to ethanol and electricity; • No grants for ocean energy and cow manure to methane • Gov. Crist wants new $68 million on alternative energy & conservation • Sen. Mike Bennett (R-Bradenton) advocate says U.S. reliance on foreign oil up from 33% to 60% • Rep. Bob Allen (R-Merritt Island) presses for increased efficiency and immediate market applications Florida Today 2/22/07

  7. 3.3 The Hubbert Curve Predicts Fossil Fuel Decline • Dr. M. King Hubbert, a geophysicist, predicted a 1970 US oil peak. Others predicted the World oil peak would occur in the first decade of the 21st Century. • Past the production peak at 2006-2010 (?), oil prices will increase as extraction becomes more difficult and the price is bid up. World Oil Prices [$ gallon-1] www.hubbertpeak.com/midpoint.htm 070229

  8. 3.4 Renewable Energy • “Wedges” of sustainability contribution • Princeton’s R. Socolow devised approach www.princeton.edu/~cmi/resources/stabwedge.htm 070301

  9. 3.5 Wind Energy • Wind turbines can replace ~30% of utility power • FPL Energy owns 40% of US wind turbines • 44 windfarms in 15 states --- 3200 MW • US offshore turbines being pursued by Cape Wind, MA • Florida offshore wind might be possible off Jacksonville Cape Wind.org 070303

  10. 3.6 Extraction of Water Energy • Hydropower: Mature in US but still developing in other countries/continents • Unusual situations permit small low-power stream turbines, paddlewheels in fast streams, waterwheels, and wave/tidal generators • Used for remote minor lighting, pumping, sensing and radio telemetry • A small stream waterwheel in the Florida Tech Botanical Gardens develops 3 to 10 watts; ¾ mile2 drainage • Rivers or lagoons can power similar tidal power convertors • La Rance 240 MW plant near Malo, France • Large ocean energy conversion developed in Europe • US Gulf Stream turbine field proposed Photo, Wavegen

  11. 3.7 Sustainable Source Hydrogen Production • Hydrogen now produced from natural gas (97%) • Electrolysis stores energy as hydrogen, which can be compressed; convert H2 back to electrical energy with fuel cell or internal combustion engine • BP selected Iceland as H2 partner; hydro & geothermal • Cost must be reduced to become economically affordable Photo, F. Leslie, 2006 Photo Free.fr

  12. 3.8 Waste Reduction and Energy Conversion • “Pure” wastes like factory scrap, wood chips, etc. can be burned directly or pyrolyzed to yield useful gases • Municipal waste requires extensive sorting to remove harmful substances before heating/pyrolyzing/burning • Reprocess “trash” into useful materials • Mine “Mount Trashmore” landfills into energy & materials msw.cecs.ucf.edu 070301

  13. 3.9 Future Transportation:Electric Vehicles, Hybrids, Biofuels, and PHEVs • Electric cars (Bishop, 1908) have battery-limited range • 40 miles per day only meets the needs of 90% of the public -- plug it in at night • Tesla racer and the GM Volt are examples • Hybrids save fuel by using battery acceleration • Available now but prices higher • Biofuels • Bioethanol and biodiesel are gasoline replacements • PHEVs (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles) • 120Vac home power charging plus a small engine that only runs when the battery voltage falls too low GM Volt SMUD's modified Prius PHEV http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/symposium/presentations/maccurdy.pdf

  14. 3.9.1 Energy in Transportation • Air and ground transportation require energy-dense fuels (liquids) and fueling infrastructure • Fixed natural gas energy plants compete with CNG for cars and trucks • Hydrogen-fueled cars in test • Danish VLTJ hydrogen train under study • “Project Cryoplane” aircraft powered with liquid hydrogen under test April 1-4, 2007 Compressed natural gas/H2 car at FSECAlternative Fuel Vehicle Workshop(Florida Solar Energy Center, Cocoa, FL) 070301

  15. 3.10 Sierra Club’s “Smart Energy Solutions” Program • Sierra Club (~3 million members) is advancing solutions to carbon dioxide emissions through energy-saving solutions

  16. Conclusion • Energy is continually in the news and attracting public attention due to cost 070301

  17. Conclusion • Energy is continually in the news and attracting public attention due to cost • Fossil fuels deplete, and cost affects rate of changeover to clean renewables 070301

  18. Conclusion • Energy is continually in the news and attracting public attention due to cost • Fossil fuels deplete, and cost affects rate of changeover to clean renewables • Transportation consumes some 40% of US energy in fossil fuels and emits pollution 070301

  19. Conclusion • Energy is continually in the news and attracting public attention due to cost • Fossil fuels deplete, and cost affects rate of changeover to clean renewables • Transportation consumes some 40% of US energy in fossil fuels and emits pollution • The transition must be made --- Let’s do it in time! 070301

  20. Thank you! Questions? ? ? Cobb, Wisconsin, F. Leslie, 2003 070301

  21. Bibliography: Books • Boer, Karl W. The Fifty-Year History of the International Solar Energy Society and its National sections. Vol. 2, Chapter12, pp. 531-549. Boulder CO: ASES, Inc. 2005. • Aubrecht II, Gordon J. Energy, Second Edition. Upper Saddle River NJ: Prentice Hall, __pp., 1995. 0-02-304601-5, TJ163.2.A88, 333.79. Renewables covered in Chap. 19 (19 pp.), Chap. 20 (14 pp.), Chap. 21 (12 pp.), and focus is primarily on conventional energy. • Boyle, Godfrey, ed. Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 477 pp., 1996. 0-19-856452-X & 0-19-856451 (pbk). Negligible conventional energy treatment in intro (39 pp.). Primarily a European focus with minor mention of U.S. • Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-02349-0, TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.79’4’0973. A forerunner assessment of renewables. • Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991. Comprehensive exposition of solar thermal processes. • Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0-930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.4’5 Excellent wind treatment. • Kraushaar, Jack J. and Robert A, Ristinen. Energy and Problems of a Technical Society. NY: John Wiley &Sons, Inc., 488 pp., 1993. 0-471-57310-8, TJ163.2K73, 333.790. Minimal RE; solar, 40 pp., all others, 28 pp.. For example, wind power on only pp. 192-197. • Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.31’2136 Good textbook. • Ristinen, Robert A. and Jack J. Kraushaar. Energy and the Environment. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 367 pp., 1999. 0-471-17248-0, 333.79. Minimal RE; e.g., 8 pp. on wind energy. • Sørensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152-4. Comprehensive, but post-doc level and unusual presentation order. 031006

  22. References: Websites, etc. http://www.dep.state.fl.us/energy/fla_energy/files/energy_plan_final.pdf _________________________________ awea-windnet@yahoogroups.com. Wind Energy elist awea-wind-home@yahoogroups.com. Wind energy home powersite elist geothermal.marin.org/ on geothermal energy mailto:energyresources@egroups.com rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/maps/chap2/2-01m.html PNNL wind energy map of CONUS windenergyexperimenter@yahoogroups.com. Elist for wind energy experimenters www.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population www.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission www.hawaii.gov/dbedt/ert/otec_hi.html#anchor349152 on OTEC systems telosnet.com/wind/20th.html www.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22 solstice.crest.org/ dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html http://www.av8n.com/physics/fossil-resources.htm --- depletion periods http://www.oildepletion.org/ http://www.abelard.org/briefings/energy-economics.asp --- Economics 060622

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