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Introduction to Radiographic Positioning (Positioning Terminology )

IMG353 Lecture 1. Introduction to Radiographic Positioning (Positioning Terminology ). Learning Objectives. By the end of this Lecture the student will be able to: Define the imaginary planes and body sections Describe standard positioning terms.

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Introduction to Radiographic Positioning (Positioning Terminology )

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  1. IMG353 Lecture 1 Introduction to Radiographic Positioning(Positioning Terminology )

  2. Learning Objectives • By the end of this Lecture the student will be able to: • Define the imaginary planes and body sections • Describe standard positioning terms. • List and identify the meaning of specific terms related to movement • Distinguish Between radiographic projection, position and view • List the four types of body habitus

  3. References • Positioning in Radiography: By k.C.Clarke. • Text book of radiographic positioning and related anatomy; by Kenneth L.Bontrager, • 5th edition • Websites • http://www.e-radiography.net/ • http://www.theodora.com/anatomy/surface_anatomy_index.html • http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit1_3_terminology.html

  4. Positioning Terminology Anatomic Position A person in the anatomical position is • standing erect with the head, • eyes and toes pointing forward, • feet together with arms by the side. • The palms of the hands are also point forward.

  5. Positioning Terminology Body Planes A plane is a flat surface passed through the body or a portion of the body Body planes are divided into:- • Longitudinal planes • Coronal • Sagittal • Horizontal plane • Transverse

  6. Sagittal Plane (Lateral Plane)A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. Median planeSagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves. Body Planes

  7. Coronal or (Frontal) A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions. Axial Plane (Transverse Plane)A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts. Body Planes

  8. Lateral Vs. Medial Lateral Away from the midline of the body (On the outer side of) e.g. the arms are lateral to the chest. Medial Lateral Lateral Medial Near to the midline of the body (On the Inner side of) e.g. the chest is medial to the arms Directional Terms

  9. Superior Vs. Inferior Superior Superior ( cephalic/ cranial) Towards the head end or towards the upper part of a structure( above) e.g. The head is superior to the chest. Inferior (Caudal) Away from the head end or towards the lower part of a structure( Below) e.g. the abdomen is inferior to the chest. Inferior Directional Terms

  10. Anterior Vs. Posterior Anterior ( ventral ) Towards or at front of the body ( in front of) e.g. The sternum is anterior to the spine. Posterior (Dorsal ) Towards or at the back of the body ( Behind) e.g. The heart is posterior to the sternum. Directional Terms

  11. Proximal Vs. Distal Proximal Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk e.g. The knee is proximal to the ankle. Distal Farther or away from the origin of the body part or the attachment of a limb to the trunk e.g. The forearm is distal to the arm. Directional Terms

  12. Superficial Vs. Deep Superficial Towards or at the body surface e.g. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles Deep Away from the body surface ( more internal) e.g. The skeletal muscles are deep to the skin Directional Terms

  13. anterior posterior lateral cephalic superior cranial lateral proximal inferior caudal medial distal Directional Terms posterior anterior

  14. Joints movement Terms Abduction vs. Adduction Abduction : movement away from the midline of the body or body part. Adduction: Movement toward the midline of the body or body part.

  15. Joints movement Terms Flexion vs. Extension Flexion : Decrease in the angle of a joint by bending Extension: Increase in the angle of joint or straightening of a joint Note : Hyper flexion is over flexion while hyper extension is extension beyond normal limits

  16. Joints movement Terms Inversion vs. Eversion Inversion : Turning of foot inward at the ankle joint. Eversion: Turning of the foot outward at the ankle joint.

  17. Joints movement Terms Pronation vs. Supination Pronation vs. Supination Pronation : Turning the hand so that the palm is down or onto one's stomach Supination: Turning the hand so the palm is facing upward or turning onto one's back.

  18. Body Position Terms Describe the overall placement of the body in the desired position. • Erect "upright" • Position when the Sagittal and coronal planes of the body are perpendicular to the horizon • Recumbent "lying down" • Position when the transverse plane of the body • is perpendicular to the horizon

  19. Recumbent Positions Body Position Terms • Supine (posterior recumbent position) • Lying down on the back • Prone • (anterior recumbent position) • Lying face down • xx lateral recumbent • lying down on the xx side

  20. Body Position Terms Decubitus vs. Recumbent • general meanings are the same "LYING DOWN" • but in radiography, decubitus has a special meaning • DECUBITUS • patient is lying down & the x-ray beam is parallel to the horizon

  21. Decubitus Positions Body Position Terms Ventral decubitus • patient is prone ,Cassette (IR) is vertical & a horizontal beam is used Dorsal decubitus • patient is supine ,Cassette (IR) is vertical & a horizontal beam is used Lateral decubitus ( Right or Left) • patient lying on the left lateral side ,Cassette (IR) is vertical & a horizontal beam is used

  22. Oblique (Erect or Recumbent) Body Position Terms • Position when the body is rotated so that the MS plane is neither nor to the film but at an angle • Exact position is indicated by the surface closest to the film and the angle of rotation • May be erect or recumbent • abbreviations: • RPO, LPO, RAO, LAO ^ ¤¤ 45° RPO

  23. Erect Positions Body Position Terms • Surface of body closest to the film used to give a more specific description • Examples: • Posterior erect -- patient is standing with the posterior surface of the body next to the cassette • Left lateral erect -- patient is standing with the left side of the body next to the cassette Left lateral erect position

  24. Body Position Terms Trendelenburg Position A person in the Trendelenburg position is lying supine with head slightly lower than their feet. Fowler's Position A person in the Fowler's position is sitting leaning slightly back 45o - 90o.legs may either be straight or bent.

  25. Body Position Terms Sim's Position A near lateral Left anterior oblique ( Left Sim's ) OR right anterior oblique with the top leg in front the lower leg.

  26. Projection Positioning Terms Refers to the path the x-ray beam takes through part • Anteroposterior projection (AP) Beam enters the front surface and exits the back surface of the part • Posteroanterior projection (PA) Beam enters the back and exits the front of the part AP projection in supine position

  27. Lateral Projections Positioning Terms • Torso (Trunk) and head • Right to left lateral projection • Left to right lateral projection • Extremities (Limbs) • Mediolateral projection • Lateromedial projection Note: Normally the positioning terminology is used rather than projection. X-ray Left lateral erect position R to L lateral projection

  28. Special Projections Positioning Terms X-ray beam • Axial Projection • Right to left lateral projection • Left to right lateral projection • Tangential projection • Mediolateral projection • Lateromedial projection Note: Normally the positioning terminology is used rather than projection. AP axial with 40° caudal angle X-ray beam X-ray beam

  29. Classification of Body Habitus Hypersthenic • Deep broad thorax • Short thoracic cavity • Short wide heart • Elevated diaphragm • Stomach and GB very high • Colon high and wide

  30. Classification of Body Habitus Sthenic • Lightly longer and shallow thorax • Ribs more vertical • Heart narrow and longer • Thoracic cavity longer • Diaphragm is not as high • Colon slightly lower and more centrally located.

  31. Classification of Body Habitus Hyposthenic • Thorax longer • Diaphragm lower • Stomach and GB lower and close to midline. • Colon lower and close to midline of abdomen

  32. Classification of Body Habitus Asthenic • Exaggeration of Hyposthenic type • Thorax narrow and shallow • Heart longer and narrow • Thoracic cavity longer • Diaphragm is very low • Stomach and GB very lower ,vertical and near midline.

  33. Classification of Body Habitus Sthenic 10% Hypersthenic 5% Hyposthenic 35% Sthenic 50%

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