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POSITIONING TERMINOLOGY

POSITIONING TERMINOLOGY. Learning a new language!. THE ANATOMIC POSITION. THE ANATOMIC POSITION. Standing erect with the face and eyes directed forward. Arms extended by the sides with the palms facing forward (anteriorly). Heels together and toes pointed forward.

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POSITIONING TERMINOLOGY

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  1. POSITIONING TERMINOLOGY Learning a new language!

  2. THE ANATOMIC POSITION

  3. THE ANATOMIC POSITION Standing erect with the face and eyes directed forward. Arms extended by the sides with the palms facing forward (anteriorly). Heels together and toes pointed forward. All positioning terms refer to the anatomic position.

  4. BodyPlanes

  5. BODY PLANES - Imaginary lines passing through the body in the anatomic position. • Midsagittal Plane (median plane) is a longitudinal plane. • Divides body into equal right and left portions • Abbreviated MSP • A sagittal plane divides the body into right and left sections, but not equally. These planes run parallel with the midsagittal plane.

  6. BODY PLANES • Midcoronal plane is a longitudinal plane. • Divides the body into equal front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections. • Abbreviated MCP • Coronal planes divide the body into front and back sections, but not equally. These planes run parallel with the midcoronal plane.

  7. BODY PLANES • Horizontal, Transverse, or Axial Planes • Any transverse plane dividing the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections.

  8. Body Surfaces

  9. BODY SURFACES (OPPOSITES) • Anterior (ventral) • Front half of the body that includes the top of the feet and the palms of the hands. Refers also to the forward part of an organ. • Posterior (dorsal) • Back half of the body that includes the bottom of the feet and the back of the hands. Refers also to the back part of an organ.

  10. SURFACES OF THE FEET & HANDS • Plantar – soles of feet (posterior) • Dorsum – top of the foot (anterior) “dorsum pedis” • Palmar – palm of hand that is known also as the anterior or ventral surface

  11. GENERAL BODY POSITIOINS • Supine – lying on the back, face up. • Prone – Lying face down. • Recumbent – Lying down in any position. • Trendelenburg’s position – Supine with the head lower than the feet. • Fowler’s position – Supine with the head higher than the feet • Erect – (includes seated erect position) Upright position.

  12. SUPINE AND RECUMBENT

  13. PRONE AND RECUMBENT

  14. Trendelenburg

  15. Fowler’s (Reverse Trendelenburg)

  16. SPECIFIC BODY POSITIONS • Always described by the side or sides closest to the image receptor! • Erect or recumbent lateral position: Right lateral – right side closest to IR. Left lateral – left side closest to the IR Demonstrates a side view.

  17. DESCRIBE THIS PATIENT’S POSITION.

  18. ANSWER • If you answered the right lateral, erect position, you are correct.

  19. DESCRIBE THIS PATIENT’S POSITION.

  20. ANSWER • If you answered right lateral, recumbent position, you are correct.

  21. OBLIQUE POSITIONS • The chest, abdomen, or pelvis is rotated from the supine, prone or lateral positions. • A limb is rotated from the AP, PA or lateral positions.

  22. SPECIFIC OBLIQUE BODY POSITIONS • Anterior Obliques – as laterals are descibed by the body surfaces closest to the IR. • RAO – right anterior oblique position – right and anterior surfaces closest to image receptor. • LAO – left anterior oblique – left and anterior surfaces closest to IR.

  23. IN WHAT POSITION IS THIS PATIENT POSITIONED?

  24. ANSWER • If you answered the erect, right anterior oblique position, you are correct.

  25. In what position is this patient?

  26. ANSWER • If you answered recumbent, right anterior oblique, you are correct.

  27. SPECIFIC OBLIQUE BODY POSITIONS • Posterior Obliques –As laterals and anterior oblique positions are always described by the surfaces closest to the IR • RPO – right posterior oblique position- right and posterior surfaces closest to IR. • LPO – left posterior oblique position- left and posterior surfaces closest to IR.

  28. IN WHAT POSITION IS THIS PATIENT POSITIONED ?

  29. ANSWER • If you answer erect, left posterior oblique you are correct.

  30. In what oblique position is this patient?

  31. ANSWER • If you answered recumbent, left posterior oblique, you are correct.

  32. An image taken in the RAO position will correspond with an image taken in the LPO position An image takes in the LAO position will correspond with an image taken in the RPO position.

  33. OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS OF THE EXTREMITIES • Require quantifying terms: • Medial or internal rotation – The limb is turned in toward the median plane or midline of the patient. • Lateral or external rotation – The limb is turned away from the median plane or midline of the patient.

  34. Medial Rotation of the Foot

  35. SPECIFIC BODY POSITIONS Decubitus positions always require a horizontal central ray and vertical placement of the image receptor (IR). Decubitus means to lie down.

  36. SPECIFIC DECUBITUS POSITIONS • LLD – Left lateral decubitus position – Patient lying on left side with the IR placed vertically and the x-ray beam horizontal. • RLD – right lateral decubitus position –Patient lying on their right side with the IR placed vertically and the x-ray beam horizontal.

  37. Left Lateral Decubitus Position (LLD)

  38. SPECIFIC DECUBITUS POSITIONS • Dorsal decubitus position – Patient lying on back with the IR placed vertically adjacent to a side of the patient, and the x-ray beam horizontal. • Ventral decubitus position – Patient lying face down with the IR placed vertically adjacent to a side of the patient, and the x-ray beam horizontal. Both the dorsal and ventral decubitus positions ALWAYS DEMONSTRATE A SIDE OR LATERAL IMAGE!

  39. Dorsal Decubitus Position

  40. Ventral Decubitus Position

  41. RADIOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS • Projections are different from positions in that they describe the path of the central ray (CR) or x-ray beam as it passes through the patient. • The term projection always refers to the path of the central ray as it exits the x-ray tube, traverses the patient and reaches the IR, regardless of the body position.

  42. AP (ANTEROPOSTERIOR) PROJECTION • CR enters the anterior body surface and exits the posterior body surface. • IR closest to the posterior surface of the patient. • Produces a posterior view. A view is the opposite of a projection. • When viewing a radiograph the term view represents a position. For example, if the patient is radiographed in the lateral position then the image is said to be a lateral view.

  43. AP Projection

  44. PA (POSTEROANTERIOR) PROJECTION • The CR enters the posterior surface of the body and exits the anterior surface. • IR closest to the anterior surface of the patient.

  45. PA Projection

  46. OBLIQUE BODY PROJECTIONS • Includes the thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis. • RAO and LAO positions are posterior oblique projections, because the central ray will enter the posterior surface of the patient and exit the anterior surface. • RPO or LPO positions are anterior oblique projections.

  47. Projections of the Feet • The feet are commonly imaged so that the CR enters the top or superior surface of the foot (dorsum) and exits the bottom or inferior surface of the foot (plantar). Thus the projection is referred to as the dorsoplantar projection.

  48. AXIAL PROJECTIONS • Longitudinal angulations of the central ray x-ray tube) toward the head (cephalad) or the feet (caudad).

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