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Enlightenment: Ideas and Influence

Explore the intellectual movement of the 18th century known as the Age of Enlightenment that emphasized reason, natural rights, progress, and social reform. Discover key figures like Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Mary Wollstonecraft who shaped these ideas, leading to revolutions and enlightened absolutism. Learn about the causes of the French Revolution, including inequality and social order. This period redefined the relationship between governments and the governed, inspiring revolutions worldwide.

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Enlightenment: Ideas and Influence

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  1. The Age of Enlightenment APERO – Chapter 17

  2. 18th Century – The Age of Enlightenment • An intellectual movement • That spread throughout Europe’s literate circles

  3. The Enlightenment in Pictures • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CP8k_f3PFq8

  4. Key Ideas of the Enlightenment • 1. Reason – Truth through logic • Informed thinking about social issues • Absence of superstition, intolerance • Humans should rely on reason, not miracles, to improve society

  5. Key Ideas of the Enlightenment • 2. Nature, Natural Laws, Natural Rights • Natural laws can regulate both the universe and human society • Natural laws can be discovered by human reason • Liberty & Freedom a natural right

  6. Key Ideas of the Enlightenment • 3. Happiness • Happiness as an inalienable human right • Humans should not accept misery in this world to find salvation in the hereafter • (social reform is possible)

  7. Key Ideas of the Enlightenment • 4. Progress • The belief in social progress • Political and economic reform would improve society and allow for progress

  8. “Philosophes” • Critical of everything! • Political Philosophers/Social Critics • Applied rules of reason, criticism, and common sense to their writings

  9. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas • 1. The Rise of Print Culture: • Books, journals, newspapers, magazines reached wider audiences in the 18th century • People exposed to new ideas

  10. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas • 2. Writers as Social Critics • Philosophes able to earn a living through writing • Exchanged ideas/opinions/perspectives • Allowed for the emergence of public opinion

  11. The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas • 3. Coffeehouses • Allowed for public discussion of social/ Political issues • A place for intellectuals to exchange ideas

  12. Voltaire (1694-1778) • Most influential of the philosophes • AKA: Francois- Marie Arouet • Prolific writer • Wrote: Candide (1759) – a satire attacking war, religious persecution, and human optimism

  13. The Quotable Voltaire • 1. “I do not agree with what you have to say, but I’ll defend to the death your right to say it” • 2. 2“God gave us the gift of life; It is up to us to give ourselves the gift of living well” • 3. “Common sense is not so common” • 4. “ Judge a man by his questions rather than his answers” • 5. “everyman is guilty of all the good he did not do”

  14. The Encyclopedia • Printed 1751-1772 • Denis Diderot chief editor of the Encyclopedia • Collective effort- 100 authors • importance: • 1. Disseminated Enlightenment thinking • 2. Freedom of expression • 3. Source of knowledge

  15. Quotable Diderot • “all things must be examined, debated, investigated without exception and without regard for anyone’s feelings” – Denis Diderot

  16. Shift in Political Ideology • Old idea: • “ a monarch’s rule is justified through divine right” • New Idea: • “ a government’s power comes from the consent of the governed”

  17. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) • Wrote: Spirit of Laws (1748) • Concluded that the Ideal government would separate power into: • Executive, judicial, & legislative branches

  18. Quotable Montesquieu

  19. Jean -Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) • Committed to defending freedom and changing existing social order • 1. Novel Emile – argued for a “natural education” • Children are entitled to an education • Education should be individualized “every mind has its own form”

  20. Jean -Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) • 2. Social Contract • agreement among free individuals to create a society & government • “ man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”

  21. Adam Smith (1723-1790) • Wrote: Wealth of Nations (1776) • Governments should not interfere with business • Laissez -faire economics (let them be) • Emergence of classical economic thought

  22. Mary Wollstonecraft: • Wrote: A Vindication of the Rights of Women • Argued : • that women, like men, needed education to become “virtuous & useful” • That women, like men had the capacity of human reason • Criticized Rousseau’s view of women

  23. Quotable Mary Wollstonecraft • “Strengthen the female mind by enlarging it, and there will be an end to blind obedience”

  24. Enlightenment Ideas… • 1. Inspired Revolutions and Independence Movements of the 1700’s and 1800’s • 2. Redefined the relationship between government and those governed

  25. Enlightened Absolutism • Philosophes urged Europe’s absolute rulers to use their power for the good of the people

  26. The French Revolution APEURO – Chapter 18

  27. Causes of The French Revolution

  28. 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order • Society divided into The “Three Estates” • 3 Social Classes determined a person’s status, and their rights!

  29. 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order • 1st Estate: • Clergy • Make up 1% of the population • Does Not pay taxes!

  30. 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order • 2nd Estate: • Nobility • 2% of the population own 25% of the land • High positions in government, military • DO NOT PAY TAXES! • (a noble privilege)

  31. 1. Inequality/ Unfair Social Order • 3rd Estate: • Everyone Else! • “Bourgeoisie” – middle class professionals • Free Peasants • Serfs (un-free peasants) • HAVE TO PAY TAXES!

  32. 2.France is in Debt! • From previous wars • Send $ to the American colonists • Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette’s extravagant spending

  33. 2.France is in Debt! • Jacques Necker – Minister of Finance Publishes the“Necker Report” 1781 • “Everything’s Fine!” • Report discloses economic mismanagement • People are upset • By 1786 Banks refuse to lend $ to France!

  34. 2.France is in Debt! • Charles Alexander Calonne’s Economic Reform Plan 1786 : • Why not tax landed nobility? • He is quickly replaced…

  35. 2.France is in Debt! • Marie Antoinette’s extravagant spending sprees… • 1 dress cost 20X’s what a skilled worker earned in a year! • Spent $ on clothes, shoes, accessories, parties, re-decorating Versailles…

  36. 2.France is in Debt! • Marie Antoinette is nicknamed… “Madame Deficit”

  37. 3. Cost of Living Increases • Peasant situation worsened: • Price of food rose • Crop failures 1788-1789 led to • bread shortages! • Peasant’s anger rose

  38. Causes of the French Revolution • 1. Inequality of Social Classes • Taxes • 2. France in debt • Extravagant spending of Marie A. & Louis XVI • 3. Cost of Living Increased • Tensions rose • No money for food or basic necessities

  39. Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette • **

  40. Palace of Versailles • Was Built by Louis 16th’s grandfather • “The Sun King” Louis 14th • Most extravagant palace in all of Europe

  41. Marie Antoinette • Born in 1755 • Austrian Princess • Had 14 Brothers and Sisters • Marie the favorite

  42. @ Age 15… • A marriage arranged • To the Crown Prince of France, Louis 16th • “an advantageous match” • She was sent to Versailles

  43. Marie Antoinette – Last Queen of France- Early years • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIOjoQYaMMQ

  44. The Wedding, 1770 • Marie and Louis are married • They are both 15

  45. The Coronation, 1774 • Louis’ Father died • And • Louis and Marie were crowned King and Queen of France • AT AGE 19!!!

  46. Louis XVI • Described as “homely, awkward & anti-social” • he’s obsessed with collecting KEYS, and CLOCKS. • Ignored Marie for the first 7 years of their marriage

  47. Louis XVI ‘s Hobby • **

  48. Marie Antoinette – Last Queen of France- Early years • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVGo_qADfv8 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DLtdy_GEpLg • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-bYHCGSeSO4

  49. What is Marie To Do? • She spent Money! • Fashion - her passion! • Named her designer Rose Bertin as  “Minister of Fashion” • Threw lavish Banquets

  50. Marie’s Hobby… • Fashion, Jewelry, Accessories, Entertaining

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