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AP GOVERNMENT

Explore the history of media, from politically sponsored newspapers to the rise of mass-readership via rotary press and telegraph. Delve into the impact of Yellow Journalism on the Spanish-American War and the emergence of modern forms of media like television and the internet.

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AP GOVERNMENT

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  1. AP GOVERNMENT Chapter 10 The Media

  2. HISTORY of the MEDIA • In the early years, news traveled slowly • Newspapers were politically sponsored • “Managed news” • Is that democratic?

  3. The high-speed rotary press and telegraph led to mass-readership • Associated Press (AP) was established in 1848 • Urbanization in the mid 1800’s helped the growth of newspapers

  4. Yellow Journalism • Sensationalistic, irresponsible news reporting • Spanish-American War • http://www.pbs.org/crucible/frames/_journalism.html • EX. National Enquirer, The Star

  5. ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNAL • Nov 2, 1920 – Presidential race b/t Harding and Cox was transmitted • Nov 15, 1926 – NBC premiered • 1952 National Convention coverage helped Eisenhower

  6. MEDIA FUNCTIONS • Entertainment • Reporting the News • Identify Public Problems • Examples? • Socializing New Generations • Providing a Public Forum • Making Profits

  7. Mass Media • Newspapers, magazines, radio, television, films, recordings, books, and electronic communications • News Media -the part of mass media that reaches the news • Ex. 60 Minutes, Larry King, Crossfire, 20/20

  8. Television • Average person watches 4.3 hours a day – most influential • Relies on pictures to entertain viewers • Everyone uses tv to their advantage • Issue Ads by Interest groups • Around-the-clock news (CNN, Fox)

  9. Narrowcasting – broadcasting to a small sector of the population • Different cable channels – C-SPAN • Network TV’s share of viewership has declined to about 55%

  10. Three types of TV coverage: • Advertising ($$$) • Management of news • Campaign debates *why are news management and debates good types of TV coverage?

  11. Any ad remembered by the public WORKS!

  12. Radio • Continues to reach more households than tv • Talk radio • Satellite radio picking up listeners • ADVANTAGE is nation-wide

  13. Newspapers • Declining but still reach about 56 million Americans • Different papers “specialize” while others deal with “general interests” • #1 paper by popularity? By circulation? • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_States_by_circulation

  14. World Wide Web • Fastest growing source • Over 1 billion documents on the web • Who monitors its’ accuracy and content?

  15. Changing Role of News • In the beginning, news sources did not last long …why? • They became political mouthpieces • Jacksonian Era - press shifts from elite readers to large masses. What was the effect? • 1900’s—news sources should be objective. Is it?

  16. Media allowed politics to reach more Americans • Fireside chats with FDR • Debates (Kennedy v. Nixon) • 24-hour news coverage • Source of investigation (The Pentagon Papers, Watergate) • Fairness Doctrine (FCC)…no longer in place. Good or Bad?

  17. Factors that Limit Media Influence • Political socialization(family, peers…) allows us to “filter” news • Selective attention - filter…see what we want and disregard the rest • Selective perception - filter…agree with what we want and refute the rest • Recall and comprehension - importance vs. catchy?

  18. National Press: 3 ROLES • Gatekeeper – press calls attention to certain issues, the media sets the subjects that politicians must address • Scorekeeper – keeps track of/creates reputation for presidential candidates (election coverage = horse race) • Watchdog – to investigate candidates/political officials

  19. Image Making • Media creates a politican’s image • Can be good or bad • Examples?

  20. Government Regulation Newspaper – virtually no regulation Radio and TV – must have license and adhere to regulations No “prior restraints” (Pentagon Papers) Lawsuits if material is libelous or obscene

  21. Radio & TV Regulations Equal Time Rule – station must be willing to sell equal time to all candidates Right-of-Reply Rule – If a person is attacked on air, then person has a right to reply Political Editorializing Rule – If a broadcaster endorses a candidate, then the other candidate has the right to reply

  22. Confidentiality of Sources Supreme Court upheld the right of the govt to compel reporters to divulge information in criminal investigations

  23. Types of Stories Routine Stories – public events covered by media (pres takes a trip) Feature Stories – public events that are not usually covered but found newsworthy for some reason (controversial court ruling) Insider Stories – not public information (investigative reporting)

  24. Adversarial Press Suspicious of govt and looks to find corruption, dishonesty, &/or illegal activities Is it caused by a mistrust of govt? People do not like this type of press so why does it prevail? Growing # of people distrust the media Side effect – negative advertising

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