The Spread of Islam: Expansion, Division, and Influence

1. Chapter 11: The Islamic World Section 2: The Spread of Islam

2. Expansion of Islam • Abu Bakr becomes successor to Muhammad • Caliph- “successor to the Prophet” • Unites Arabic tribes • Expands Islamic influence northward

3. Umar • Succeeds Abu Bakr as caliph • Strong leader with a well-run government • Muslim Empire includes Syria, Persia, and North Africa

5. Arab Policies • Conquered with war and treaties • Did not require people to convert to Islam • Accepted Christian and Jewish teachings • Could choose to accept Islam or pay extra taxes • Some who refused to convert were killed

6. Continued Expansion • Within 100 years of Muhammad’s death, Muslims controlled part of India and much of North Africa • Gained control of Mediterranean islands for trade routes • By A.D. 711 Muslims had entered Spain and brought Islam to Europe

7. Division in the Islamic Community • Disagreements about who should be caliph • Uthman (successor of Umar) was murdered; Ali is chosen as successor • Mu ‘awiyah (relative of Uthman) accuses Ali of helping the killers • War breaks out; Mu ‘awiyah becomes caliph

8. Sunni • Muslims who accepted Mu ‘awiyah as caliph • Followers of the Sunna; “way of the Prophet” • Believed that agreement among the Muslim people should settle the religious matter

9. Shi ‘ah • Insist that descendants of Ali should be caliph • Imams - Ali’s descendants – should decide religious and worldly matters • The rift deepened when Mu ‘awiyah’s descendents killed Ali’s son, Husayn • The division still exists today; only 10% of Muslims are Shi ‘ah

12. Sufi • Simple lives centered around God • Faith of God was the only mark of a person’s worth • Rabi ‘ah al- ‘Adawiyah- first female Sufi mystic • Poetry and writings still inspire Muslims today

13. Pair-share • What are the THREE major divisions of Islam? • What is a “caliph”? • Where do Muslims have a large population? • What are your options if you do NOT want to convert to Islam?

14. Venn Diagram (tomorrow) • Sunni and Shi’ah Islam are still strongly against each other – causing many problems in the modern world • You will read a brief background explaining Sunni and Shi’ah Islam • When finished, you will fill out a Venn Diagram examining the similarities and differences between the two sects.

15. Empire Continues to Spread • Berbers led a Muslim army to Spain under Tariq • Crossed between Africa and Europe- known as Jabal Tariq (Rock of Gibraltar) • Became known as the Moors; ruled Spain for 700 years

19. The Turks and Islam • 1100s Arab Muslim expansion ends and Turks become ruling force in Islam • Turkish troops settle around Baghdad, Iraq to serve the caliph • Turks loyalty begin to shift to a sultan- ruled the Turks; claimed to serve the caliph

20. The Turks and Islam • 1000s A.D. Turkish Muslims seized Syria, Mesopotamia, and much of Asia Minor • Defeated Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 A.D. • 1250s A.D. Turkish Muslim expansion slowed; Christians began to capture cities in the West- Mongols destroyed Baghdad in the East

22. Venn Diagram (tomorrow) • Sunni and Shi’ah Islam are still strongly against each other – causing many problems in the modern world • You will read a brief background explaining Sunni and Shi’ah Islam • When finished, you will fill out a Venn Diagram examining the similarities and differences between the two sects.