1 / 23

Infection, Immunity, and Noninfectious Disease

Learn about the different types of diseases, including infectious and noninfectious, and how they affect the body. Explore genetic diseases, trends in infectious diseases, and the chain of infection. Discover how diseases are transmitted and how they can be treated.

jgrizzle
Download Presentation

Infection, Immunity, and Noninfectious Disease

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Infection, Immunity, and Noninfectious Disease

  2. Diseases • Processes that affect proper body functioning accompanied by associated signs and symptoms • Noninfectious diseases - caused by genetic abnormalities, environmental factors, or a combination of both • Cystic fibrosis, lead-poisoning, asthma • Infectious diseases - caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasitic worms • Colds, flu, sexually transmitted infections

  3. Genetic Diseases • Two types: Inherited diseases (inherit “defective” gene) and diseases caused by errors when gametes are formed • Defective (mutated) genes caused by ionizing radiation, toxic chemicals, drugs • Common inherited diseases in the U.S. • Sickle-cell anemia • Cystic fibrosis • Duchenne muscular dystrophy

  4. Noninfectious Diseases Caused by an Interaction of Genes and Environment • Asthma • Narrowed airway passages and difficulty breathing • Attacks can be triggered by air pollution, URIs, smoke, dust • Ulcers • Diabetes mellitus • Migraine headaches • Cardiovascular disease • Cancer

  5. Trends in Infectious Disease • Infectious diseases are not significant contributors to death in the U.S. today • Worldwide, infectious diseases are the leading cause of death • Many strains of bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics • With international travel commonplace, transmission of infection is a worldwide concern

  6. Chain of Infection • Agent of Infection (Pathogen) • Transmission • Host

  7. Pathogens • Bacteria (unicellular organisms with a simple cell structure) • Cause diseases such as strep throat, pneumonia, food infection • Rickettsias (bacterialike organisms that live within host cells) • Cause diseases such as typhus, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

  8. Pathogens (cont’d) • Viruses (hereditary material with a protein coat) • Cause diseases such as cold, flu, mumps, measles, chicken pox, hepatitis, HIV infection • Fungi (cause opportunistic infections) • Cause diseases such as athlete’s foot, yeast infections

  9. Ringworm

  10. Toenail fungus

  11. Pathogens (cont’d) • Protozoans (single-celled organisms with a complex cell structure) • Cause disease such as malaria, “trich” infections • Parasitic worms • Tapeworms, roundworms, flukes • Live in digestive system and cause digestive disorders. Flukes can also inhabit the liver, lungs, or veins.

  12. Pathogens (cont’d) • Arthropods • Lice, fleas, mites, and ticks • Cause infestations of various body parts

  13. Transmission of Disease Noncommunicable Communicable

  14. Noncommunicable Diseases • Caused by: Growth of bacteria that normally inhabit the body • Skin infections • Ingestion of toxins or poisons produced by some bacteria • Food poisoning or food infection • Pathogens that infect people via environment or animal sources

  15. Communicable Diseases • Transmitted from person to person by • direct or indirect contact • a common vehicle (food, water, a common drinking glass) • the air • vectors (organisms other than humans, such as mosquitoes)

  16. Host • Stress can reduce resistance to infection • Exhaustive exercise can lower immune system function • Race and age affect resistance or susceptibility to disease

  17. Treating Infections • Antibiotics (kill or inhibit growth of bacteria) • Over-the-counter medications can sometimes relieve symptoms • Specific medications have been developed to treat certain viral and protozoan infections, and worm infestations

  18. Sexually Transmitted Infections • Spread from person-to-person by intimate contact • Caused by certain viruses, bacteria, yeasts, and protozoans • Infestations caused by certain mites and lice

  19. HIV Transmission • Sexual contact with infected person • Semen, vaginal secretions, or blood • Tears in skin and mucous membranes • Exposure to infected blood or blood products • Shared needles • Blood transfusions • Placental transfer during fetal development, labor/delivery, and breastfeeding

  20. Yeast Infections • Candidiasis • Acquired through intercourse or develops in women after taking antibiotics • Itching, burning, irritation, swelling, and white vaginal discharge • Can be treated with OTC antifungal creams • Males may experience irritation, swelling, and a rash or white patches

  21. SUMMARY • Noninfectious diseases have hereditary or environmental causes, or a combination of both • Genetic diseases are inherited • Two primary causes of infectious diseases are bacteria and viruses • The human body combats infectious disease with both specific and nonspecific types of immunity

  22. SUMMARY (cont’d) • The severity of a disease depends on: • the type of organism • its virulence • how it spreads in the body • the chemicals it produces • its ability to combat the defense mechanisms of the body • the body’s reaction to the pathogen

  23. SUMMARY(cont’d) • Many drugs have been developed to combat infection • Adolescents and young adults are at highest risk for contracting STIs

More Related