U.S. Colonization to Revolution: Key Events and Influential Figures

1. 2011 U.S. History End of Course Test ReviewDomain 1:Colonization to Constitution

2. Columbian Exchange • Transfer ofculture, people, crops, goods and diseases between Europe and Americas

3. Jamestown First permanent English settlement Established 1607 Started as business venture to sell raw materials back to England Tobacco cultivation made Jamestown wealthy and reliant on indentured servant and slave labor

4. Powhatan Led Natives who lived around Jamestown Natives forced off land by British; led to hostile relationship

5. House of Burgesses First legislative assembly in North America Represents first form of self-governmentin the colonies

6. Bacon’s Rebellion • Revolt by poor English colonists and slaves demanding lower taxes on poor, taking more Native land for settlement

7. Development of Slavery Begun in Virginia to replace indentured servants African slaves are thought to be better equipped to handle the work and heat of the plantation system

8. New England Colonies Established by Puritansescaping religious persecution in England Focus: Religion Intolerant of non-Puritan religions

9. Rhode Island Founded by Roger Williams who fledMassachusettsto establish a more religiously tolerant colony

10. Salem Witch Trials • New England • Women accused of being witches • Caused by wave of mass hysteria, social turmoil

11. King Phillip’s War Native Americans attack Puritans over loss of land Colonists win, establish moresettlements throughout New England

12. Half-Way Covenant Provided partial church membership for Puritan descendants To get more children in church No ‘conversion experience’ required

13. Town Hall Meetings Citizens met todiscuss, voteon issues Helped form idea of political representation in colonies

14. Mid-Atlantic Colonies New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania First controlled by Dutch Focus: Religion and Agriculture

15. New York Established by Dutch as trading post, called New Amsterdam Taken by British, renamed New York Became center for trade in Americas

16. Pennsylvania Founded by William Penn, who was a Quaker Colony was tolerant of all religions

17. Quebec First permanent French settlement Founded 1608 in Canada Established to carry out fur trade

18. Mercantilism Earth has limited natural resources Countries get wealthier, more secure by exporting morethan they import Colonies expected to provide raw materials, buy finished products from Mother Country

19. Trade network between Europe, Africa, and the Americas Manufactured goods sent to Africa Slaves sent to Americas Raw materials sent to Europe Trans-Atlantic Trade

20. Middle Passage Slave route from Africa to the Americas Millions died from disease starvation during voyage

21. First Great Awakening 1730’s religious movement Christianity expanded as traveling preachers led revivals Many questioned Puritan practices

22. French and Indian War War between France and Great Britain over control of North America Britain wins, gets all land east of Mississippi R. War bankrupted Great Britain, which began taxing colonies to pay for war

23. Proclamation of 1763 Banned colonists from moving west past Appalachians Passed to prevent conflict with Natives Angered colonists; one cause of American Revolution

24. Stamp Act Tax on printed materials in colonies To help pay for French-Indian War Angered colonists:‘No Taxation Without Representation’

25. Sons and Daughters of Liberty Committees of Correspondence Patriotic groups to protest Stamp Act, other taxes Sons: Violent protests Daughters: Made goods for boycott Committees: Secret messages around colonies to keep unity, patriots informed

26. Boston Tea Party Colonists dumped tons of tea into Boston Harbor to protest trade policies King George issued the Intolerable Acts

27. Intolerable Acts Closed Boston Harbor Massachusettsunder militaryrule Led to more anger against Britain; First Continental Congress

28. Common Sense Published by Thomas Paine in January 1776 Argued colonists should seek independence Would be economically beneficialto do so

29. John Locke Part of the Age of Enlightenment Believed in natural rights- ‘life, liberty, property’ Influenced Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence

30. Declaration of Independence Drafted by Thomas Jefferson Signed July 4, 1776 List of “grievances”by colonists against King George, why they deserved independence Inalienable rights: Rights gov’t can’t take away

31. Benjamin Franklin Embodies idea of social mobility (can start poor but become rich and important) inAmerica Ambassador to France during Revolution; convinced France to support colonistsafter their win at Saratoga

32. American Revolution Great Britain vs. American colonies 1776-1783 Cause: Colonial anger over taxation without representation in British Parliament Outcome: Colonies win independence, become the United States of America

33. George Washington • Commanded Continental Army during Revolution • Challenges to building army:- British formidable- Continentals: untrained volunteers- Short on men, supplies, money • Leadership: Secured equipment, trained up army

34. Valley Forge Continental Armytraining, camp siteduring Winter 1777 Harsh, cold, conditions Low morale, badhousing, diseases,little pay, food, clothing, equipment Marquis de Lafayette and Washington trained up soldiers

35. Marquis de Lafayette French soldier Helped turnContinental Army at Valley Forgeinto well-trained fighting force French allianceforced Britain to battle both Americans and French

36. Lord Cornwallis Leader of the British forces during Revolution Surrendered to Washington after Battle of Yorktown

37. Battle of Yorktown Final battle of American Revolution Geography: French and American military trapped British so they couldn’t escape

38. Treaty of Paris (1783) • Ends Revolution • Declared 13 colonies an independent nation (USA) • Gave United States control North America between Atlantic Ocean and Mississippi R.

39. Articles of Confederation First governing document for U.S. Powers: Declare war,sign treaties, borrowmoney from states Weaknesses: CAN’TTax or regulate trade Need 9 of 13 states to pass laws States have own currencies NO EXECUTIVE branch to enforce laws NO JUDICIAL branch to settle disputes

40. Shays’ Rebellion Farmer revolt in Mass. after taxes were raised Showed weaknesses of the Articles because gov’t was unable to put down rebellion Nat’l leaders call for ‘revision’

41. Constitutional Convention • Philly 1787: Delegates scrap Articles • Virginia Plan:Representationbased on pop. • New Jersey Plan: Each state, 1 vote • Great Compromise: Bicameral (two-chamber) legislature with House of Representatives (based on pop.) and Senate (each state equal)

42. Key Constitutional Features • Three-FifthsCompromise:Slave countedas ‘three-fifths’of a person • Limited Gov’t: Must obey laws, respect for citizens • Separation of Powers (Montesquieu): Divides power among branches (Branches check/power of others)

43. Ratification • Federalists: Support Constitution, favor strong central gov’t • Alexander Hamilton, James Madison • Anti-Federalists: Oppose Constitution, fear central gov’t would be too powerful • Thomas Jefferson

44. Federalist Papers To make case, Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay wrote essays known as the Federalist Papers Created to persuade more Americans to support ratification Federalists won out,Constitution ratified

45. Bill of Rights First 10 amendmentsto Constitution Added so more Anti-Federalists would support ratification Amendments guaranteed civil rights of individuals and protect those rights from gov’t

46. Washington Administration • Hamilton Economic Plan:Tax whiskey, imports; create national bank • Goals: Raise money,strengthen economy • Opposed by Jefferson • Leads to political parties emerging • Washington: Stay neutral abroad

47. Whiskey Rebellion Pennsylvania citizens protest new taxes Washington sent militia to end rebellion Gov’t ability to end rebellion showed strength of federal gov’t under Constitution