Allied Triumphs: World War II 1942-1945

1. Warm Up #19 What were the major events of World War II from 1942 to 1945?

2. Scaffold understanding of the standard(s) and/or element(s).Paraphrase the standard(s). Rewrite the standard including synonyms or brief definitions in parentheses and in a different color following the key terms found in step 1. SSWH19 Demonstrate (Prove) an understanding of the global political, economic, and social impact of World War II.

3. Class Confession • We the Senior Class of 2020 will complete ALL of our assignments to the best of our abilities and behave appropriately in class. • We will respect all faculty, staff, substitutes, classmates, and especially Mr. Wilcox. • We will graduate on time May 2020 and become productive citizens in society.

4. World War II SSWH19 A. Describe the major conflicts and outcomes, include: North African, Pacific, and European theatres

5. From 1939 to 1942, the Axis Powers dominated Europe, North Africa, & Asia

6. Germany used blitzkrieg tactics to dominate Eastern & Western Europe England was wounded from German attacks in the Battle of Britain Hitler broke the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact & marched into Russia

7. The German & Italian armies dominated Northern Africa, threatened the Suez Canal & the oil fields in the Middle East

8. In 1941, the United States cut off sales of iron & oil with the Japanese Japan interpreted the embargo as interfering with their right to expand

9. On December 7, 1941 Japan attacked the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii The surprise attack crippled the U.S. navy & killed 2,300 Americans After the attack, the USA declared war on the Axis Powers & entered WWII

11. After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese took the Philippines & threatened to take India and Australia By 1942, Japan controlled a large empire in the Pacific, “Asia for the Asiatics”

12. From 1939 to 1942, the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) dominated Europe, North Africa, & Asia But, 1942 was a turning point year for the Allies who were able to win the war by 1945

13. The Japanese dominated Asia, crippled the U.S. navy after the Pearl Harbor attack, & seized most Western colonies in the Pacific

14. However, the Allied Powers began to turn the tide of the war in 1942 & defeated the Axis Powers by 1945

15. American & British troops invaded Italy, took Sicily in 1943, seized Rome in 1944 When the USA entered WWII, Stalin wanted the Allies to open a Western Front & divide German army The Allies defeated Germany at the Battle of El Alamein in 1942 & then pushed the Axis Powers out of Africa Instead, Britain & USA agreed to fight the Axis Powers in North Africa (Stalin was angry ) In 1945, Mussolini was captured & executed by the Italian resistance

16. Meanwhile, the Soviet army stopped the German attack at Moscow & Leningrad in 1942 The Soviet victory at Stalingrad was a turning point in World War II because the Russians began pushing towards Germany from the East by 1943 The Soviets defeated the German army at the Battle of Stalingrad

17. In 1943, Joseph Stalin (USSR), Franklin Roosevelt (USA), & Winston Churchill (Britain) met in Tehran to coordinate a plan to defeat Germany At the Tehran Conference, the “Big Three” agreed to open a second front to divide the German army

18. By 1944, the Allies decided to open a Western Front by invading Nazi-occupied France Operation Overlord (called D-Day) in June 1944 was the largest land & sea attack in history

19. …and allowed the Allies to push towards Germany from the West At the same time, the Sovietarmy pushed from the East The Normandy invasion was deadly, but the Allied victory created a Western Front… Forced to fight a two-front war, Hitler ordered a massive counter-attack at the Battle of the Bulge..but lost By March 1945, the Allies were fighting in Germany & pushing towards Berlin

20. In February 1945, the “Big Three” met at the Yalta Conference to create a plan for Europe after the war was over Stalin agreed to send troops to help the U.S. invade Japan They agreed to allow self-determination(freeelections) innationsfreedfromNazirule They agreed to occupy Germany after the war They agreed to create & join aUnited Nations

21. As the Allies pushed into Germany & Poland, troops discovered & liberated concentration & death camps

22. In April 1945, the Soviet army captured Berlin On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide On May 9, 1945, the German government signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies The world celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

23. While the war was coming to an end in Europe, the Allies continued to fight the Japanese in the Pacific

24. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the USA sent troops to the Pacific theater The Pacific war revealed a new kind of fighting by using aircraft carriers The turning point in the war in the Pacific came at the Battle of Midway After Midway, the Allies began to regain islands controlled by Japan

25. Japan did not play by traditional rules in war “Kamikaze” pilots flew planes into battleships & aircraft carriers Japanese soldiers refused to surrender & tortured Allied prisoners of war

26. The problem for the Allies was the time & troops it would cost to retake the thousands of islands the Japanese controlled in the Pacific The U.S. developed an island-hopping strategy to skip the heavily defendedislands&seize islands close to Japan From 1943 to 1945, the Allies took back the Philippines & were moving in on Japan The fight for Guadalcanal took 6 months & cost 25,000 Japanese & 2,000 U.S. lives

27. Despite losing control of the Pacific & withstanding firebomb attacks, Japan refused to surrender By May 1945, the war in Europe was over & U.S. began preparing for a land invasion of Japan …But, perhaps a land invasion was not necessary…

28. In 1939, Albert Einstein wrote U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt about the potential to build a nuclear weapon FDR created a top-secret program called the Manhattan Project

29. In July 1945, the bomb was successfully tested at Los Alamos, New Mexico during Project Trinity The bomb was constructed in a secret city in Oak Ridge, TN Physicist Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago developed the nuclear reaction Nuclear plant in Hanford, WA developed the plutonium In April 1945, FDR died & his VP Harry Truman had to decide how to end the war in the Pacific

30. World War II SSWH19 C. Analyze the impact of the military and diplomatic negotiations between the leaders of Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States.

31. In July 1945, the Big Three met at the Potsdam Conference to discuss the end of WWII Truman learned the atomic bomb was ready & issued the Potsdam Declaration to Japan: “surrender or face destruction”

32. When Japan refused to surrender, Truman ordered the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 After 3 days, Japan did not surrender so a 2nd atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki After the second atomic bomb, Emperor Hirohito agreed to a surrender

33. World War II was over

34. World War II SSWH19 D. Explain Post-World War II policies and plans for economic recovery, include: the Marshall Plan for Europe, MacArthur’s plan for Japan, and the formation of the United Nations, NATO, and the Warsaw Pact.

35. Marshall Plan to Aid Europe 1948-1952

36. In 1948, the USSR used military force to turn Czechoslovakia to communism; This led to fears that Stalin would use similar tactics in Western Europe In 1949, the United States formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): a militaryalliance among democratic countries in Europe & North America

37. At the end of WWII, Germany was divided into zones occupied by the USA, Britain, France, & the USSR Berlin, the German capital, was also divided but was located in the Soviet zone In 1948, Stalin tried to turn all of Berlin communist & ordered the Berlin Blockade which shut down all ground transportation to West Berlin

38. Mac Arthur Plan for JAPAN American-made products arrive in Japan after WWII U.S. General Douglas MacArthur and Japanese Emperor Hirohito pose for a photograph at the end of World War II

39. JAPAN • Japan’s defeat in World War II left the country in ruins. Two million people died. Major cities were destroyed by bombing raids. The atomic bomb destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In addition, the Allies stripped Japan of its colonial empire in the Pacific. • After the war, the United States occupied Japan in order to help the country rebuild. U.S. General Douglas MacArthur took charge of the U.S. occupation. MacArthur demilitarized Japan’s army and brought Japanese war criminals to trial (many Japanese officers were executed including Hideki Tojo). • MacArthur ended Japan’s military dictatorship by introducing democracy and a constitutional monarchy. He encouraged workers, farmers, and women to vote. The occupation allowed Japan to focus on rebuilding its economy, not its military. By the 1980s, Japan was able to become a leading world economic power.

40. UNITED NATIONS

41. UNITED NATIONS • The outbreak of World War II revealed the weakness of the League of Nations to keep peace in the world. In 1945, 48 nations including the USA and USSR formed the United Nations (UN), whose headquarters are in New York City. The UN serves to protect international peace and equal rights. • The UN has a General Assembly where each member nation can cast its vote on a broad range of issues. But the real power is in the Security Council led by five permanent members: Britain, China, France, the United States, and Soviet Union. Each could veto any Security Council action. • The United Nations has a military force made up of member nation soldiers as well as an international court similar to the one used to try Nazi war criminals after WWII. During the Nuremburg Trials, Nazi leaders were tried for their war crimes, including the murder of 6 million Jews during the Final Solution.

42. Warsaw Pact • In 1955 the Soviet Union formed its own military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact. Seven Eastern European countries joined with the USSR in this alliance. • Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungaria, Poland, and Romania.

43. Conclusions: The Impact of World War II • World War II was the biggest, most deadly, & most impactful war in world history: • Europe was destroyed by the war & lost its place as the epicenter of power in the world • The USA & USSR emerged as superpowers & rivals competing for influence in the world • A United Nations was formed to replace the League of Nations to help promote peace • Colonized nation began to demand independence from Europeans

44. Closure Activity # 19:Compare Fascism, Communism, & Democracy • Use your notes & knowledge of fascism, communism, & democracy to complete the chart on the back of the notes • Define each form of government • Provide as many differences & similarities as you can • Be prepared to share your answers