19.5-19.6 Vocabulary

1. 19.5-19.6 Vocabulary • Chitin:____________________________________________________________ • _________________________________________________________________ • 2. Hyphae: ________________________________________________________ • _________________________________________________________________ • Mycelium:_________________________________________________________ • ________________________________________________________________ • 4. Fruiting Body:______________________________________________________ • _________________________________________________________________ • 5. Mycorrhizae:_______________________________________________________ • _________________________________________________________________ • 6. Sporangia:________________________________________________________ • _________________________________________________________________ • Lichen:___________________________________________________________ • _________________________________________________________________

2. SECTION 19.5 REVIEW • Describe how fungi use hyphae to obtain their food. • 2. Describe a typical fruiting body of sac fungi, bread mold, and club fungi. • 3. Sporangia are formed during the life cycle of a typical bread mold. At what stage are they formed? • Draw a flowchart showing the sequence of steps in the reproduction of yeast, a single celled fungus. • The mycelium of a fungus grows underground. In what ways might this be helpful for the fungus?

3. SECTION 19.6 REVIEW • How do fungi contribute to the balance of an ecosystem? • 2. What are three reasons lichens are useful to humans? • 3. Draw a Venn diagram comparing lichens and mychorrhizae. Include terms such as roots, photosynthesis, and mutualism. • Some antifungal medications can damage the patient’s own tissues. Why doesn’t this problem occur with antibiotics?

4. Plants Fungus • Multicellular • Nucleus • Cell Wall • a. Made of Cellulose • Absorb Water and Nutrients • a. Roots • Contain Chlorophyll • a. Autotrophic • Multicellular • a. With the exception of yeast • Nucleus • a. Can be more than one • Cell Wall • a. Made of Chitin • Absorb Water and Nutrients • a. Hyphae • Do Not Contain Chlorophyll • Heterotrophic: • -Saphrophytes • -Parasites

5. FUNGUS KINGDOM Characteristics of Fungus • Multicellular • a. Except yeast • Eukaryotic • Have Cell Walls • a. Made of Chitin • Heterotropic • ___________________ • a. ________________ • ___________________ • ___________________ • a. ________________ • ___________________

6. HYPHAE THREAD-LIKE _____________________ chains of ___________ that form the _______ and ____________________ of a fungus CELLS BODY MYCELIUM MYCELIUM _______________: underground network of hyphae that have grouped together. Produce ____________________ which is a reproductive structure of a fungus and grows above ground. Fruiting Body Hyphae FRUITING BODY Mycelium

7. FUNCTIONS OF HYPHAE 1. ABSORB WATER 2. DIGEST FOOD ENZYMES Hyphae secrete ________________________ to break down dead/living material. Once the material is broken down into simpler _________________, the food is absorbed through the fungus’ ___________________ NUTRIENTS HYPHAE 3. REPRODUCTION Pieces of _____________________ can ____________________ and form into new fungi. _________________________________ Hyphae can _________________ together and create ____________________. _________________________________ BREAK OFF HYPHAE (ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION) FUSE (SEXUAL REPRODUCTION) NEW HYPHAE

8. SPORES REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES • ________________________ that grow into new organisms. • Adapted for dispersal and _____________ for extended period of time in unfavorable conditions • . SURVIVING PRODUCED IN... SACS SPORANGIA CLUB-SHAPED PARTS

9. Types of Fungus PRIMITIVE FUNGI SAC FUNGI SP0RANGIA FUNGI CLUB FUNGI _______________ _________________ ________________ _______________ Chytridiomycota Ascomycota Zygomycota Basidiomycota • Smallest/Simplest • Mostly aquatic • Spores with Flagella • Decomposers or parasites • Chytrids • Form a sac called ascus • Ascus contains spores for reproduction • Yeasts, Penicillium, morels, truffles • Contain sporangia • Sporangia produce spores for reproduction • Range for molds on spoiled food to fungi used to ferment foods • Contain club-shaped parts that produce spores for reproduction. • Club parts produce spores for reproduction • Contain mushrooms, puffballs, shelf (bracket) fungi. Also include rusts and smuts

10. REPRODUCTION IN FUNGUS SEXUAL ASEXUAL ____________ break apart, and form new fungi ____________ are released by fungi and form new fungi HYPHAE _______________ FROM DIFFERENT FUNGI _________________ THEN GROW INTO __________________ THAT RELEASE __________________, (COMBINED _________) HYPHAE JOIN TOGETHER SPORES SPORANGIA SEXUAL SPORES DNA

11. Sac Fungus SPORES • Produce _____________ in saclike structures called __________________. • Reproduce by _______________ & • ____________________ ASCI BUDDING SPORES • Useful to humans • Bread • Alcohol • Penicillium • Blue Cheese

12. Sac Fungus YEASTS MORELS CUP PENICILLIUM MILDEW TRUFFLES

13. REPRODUCTION IN SAC FUNGUS SEXUAL ASEXUAL ____________ break apart, and form new fungi ____________ are released by fungi and form new fungi HYPHAE SPORES SPORANGIA DNA

14. Sporangium Fungi • Branch out and feed with ________________ hyphae • Reproduce by producing spores in ________________________ • Sporangia are structures, found on the tips of hyphae that make __________ sporangia spores

15. CAP Club Fungus GILLS STIPE • Form Branches of ____________________ underground • Have gills under their _________________ that house the _________________________ that produce _____________ for __________________. • Spores are found __________________________ _________________________________ MYCELIUM HYPHAE (MYCELIUM) CAP CLUB LIKE PARTS SPORES REPRODUCTION IN BETWEEN GILLS ON CLUB LIKE PARTS!

16. Club Fungus Shelf Fungus Puffballs Smuts Rusts

17. NICHES OF FUNGI PARASITES • _______________________________: • Can be _____________________ and cause ______________ • * In Plants: • - _______________________ caused by sac fungus • - Destroy ___________________ crops • * In Humans: • - ___________________ • - ___________________ • - ___________________ • - ___________________ PATHOGENIC DISEASE DUTCH ELM DISEASE FRUIT ATHLETE’S FOOT NAIL FUNGUS RING WORM YEAST INFECTIONS

18. NICHES OF FUNGI DECOMPOSERS SAPHROPHYTES • 2. _____________________________: (____________________) • Break down ___________________________ • _______________, _________________, _______________ • Helpful: • * Return ___________________ and _______________ back into the soil. • * Break down _______________ plant materials that cannot be used without first being broken down by decomposers. • d. Harmful: • Deteriorate __________________ houses, boats, etc • Causes __________________________ ONCE LIVING THINGS LOGS LEAVES ANIMALS MINERALS NUTRIENTS ‘HARD’ WOODEN REPRIATORY ILLNESS

19. MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIPS INVOLVING FUNGUS MYCORRHIZAE ______________________: Partnerships between _______________ and roots of ________________ Fungus help plants to ______________________, Plants provide _____________ for the fungus. FUNGUS CERTAIN PLANTS ‘FIX’ NITROGEN FOOD

20. MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIPS INVOLVING FUNGUS LICHEN ______________________: Partnerships between _______________ and ______________________ Fungus supplies organism with chlorophyll _________ ______________________, Plants provide _____________ for the fungus. FUNGUS ORGANISM WITH CHLOROPHYLL WATER And HABITAT FOOD C