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19.4 - 19.6

19.4 - 19.6. Groups 2A - 4A Elements. Group 2A. Alkaline Earth Metals (M) ns 2 M 2+ cations basic oxides MOH + H 2 O → M 2+ + 2OH -. Beryllium. small size, high electronegativity amphoteric Be(H 2 O) 4 2+ + 2OH - → Be(H 2 O) 2 (OH) 2 + 2H 2 O BeCl 2 - covalent.

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19.4 - 19.6

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  1. 19.4 - 19.6 Groups 2A - 4A Elements

  2. Group 2A • Alkaline Earth Metals (M) • ns2 • M2+ cations • basic oxides • MOH + H2O → M2+ + 2OH-

  3. Beryllium • small size, high electronegativity • amphoteric • Be(H2O)42+ + 2OH- → Be(H2O)2(OH)2 + 2H2O • BeCl2 - covalent

  4. 2A Applications • Ca and Mg • human minerals • metal alloys • “hard” water

  5. Group 3A • ns2np1 • B- only nonmetal in the group • borane - covalent hydrides (no BH3) that are highly reactive • Al - metallic properties but covalent bonds (amphoteric) • Ga - expands when frozen, largest liquid range for metals, amphoteric

  6. Group 4A • ns2np2 • can form four covalent bonds with nonmetals • C=life • forms π bonds: carbon backbones • CO, CO2, C3O2 • Si = abundant semimetal • semiconductors, alloys, etc

  7. Sample Exercise Calculate the amount of time required to produce 1.oo x 103 kg of Mg by electrolysis of molten MgCl2 using a current of 1.00 x 102 A. • faraday = 96485 C mol e- • A = C/s

  8. 19.2 Practice What mass of barium is produced when molten BaCl2 is electrolyzed by a current of 2.50 x 105 A for 6.00 hrs? • faraday = 96485 C mol e- • A = C/s

  9. 19.3 Practice Ga2O3 is an amphoteric oxide, and In2O3 is a basic oxide. Write equations for the reactions that illustrate these properties.

  10. 19.4 Practice (Bio!) The fermentation of glucose produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. Write a balanced equation for this process.

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