Post-colonialism: Asia & Africa

1. Post-colonialism: Asia & Africa

5. Indian Independence - 1947 • The partition set off mass migrations of Muslims fleeing India and Hindus fleeing Pakistan – millions were killed crossing the borders (even Gandhi was assassinated by an extremist) • Jawaharlal Nehru became 1st P.M. of world’s largest democracy in 1947  Indira Gandhi, Nehru’s daughter, P.M. (1966 - assassinated)  Rajiv Gandhi P.M. (1984 - assassinated in 1991) • Followed policy of nonalignment during the Cold War • Bangladesh split from W. Pakistan in 1971 due to economic & cultural differences

6. Obstacles to Progress in India GOALS OBSTACLES • Lack of oil & natural gas • Attempt to follow socialist • model Industrial Growth • Hindu caste system • Less education for women • & poor • Ethnic & religious prejudices Social Equality • High cost of farm equipment • Rapid population growth • Floods & drought Produce enough food

8. British colony Kwame Nkrumah, American-educated independence leader, used strikes & boycotts Nkrumah became P.M. in 1957 1963, Nkrumah created OAU, Organization of African Unity to promote Pan-Africanism 1966 – military coup (argued that Nkrumah wasn’t focused on Ghana) The Gold Coast  Ghana - 1957

9. British colony Jomo Kenyatta, British educated independence leader, spoke for Kikuyu people (farmers) Secret society, Mau Mau, used violence to frighten white farmers  Kenyatta imprisoned 1963 Kenyatta 1st President  economy was strong until 1978 when he died & weak leadership followed Kenya - 1963

10. French colony 1954 - Algerian National Liberation Front, FLN, started to fight for independence  thousands dead De Gaulle back in power in France in 1958 & decided Algeria couldn’t be held 1962, Ahmed Ben Bella named 1st P.M. 1965  struggles for democracy between military coups & Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in a civil war Algeria - 1962

11. Nigeria • 1963 - Ibo in Yoruba section tried to form their own state, but Hausa-Fulani violently stopped the movement • 1967 – Eastern region (Ibo) seceded from Nigeria & made Biafra • Civil War for 3 years → Biafra surrenders & Nigeria reunited • 1970s & 80s mostly milt. rule • 1999 – elected 1st civilian gov’t

12. 1910 received independence from Britain White minority held power 1948 apartheid is made legal Segregated housing, trains, schools, etc. Interracial marriages banned South Africa

13. African National Congress (formed in 1912) organized strikes & boycotts 1960 protest in Sharpeville 69 killed & 180 wounded ANC outlawed 1964 Nelson Mandela jailed 1976 Soweto protest left 600 students dead South AfricaProtest

14. In 1972 Steven Biko was one of the founders of the Black Peoples Convention (BPC) (played a major role in Soweto uprisings) 1977 Biko was detained & died in jail Bishop Desmond Tutu worked w/ foreign nations to use economic sanctions on S. Africa South AfricaProtest (cont.)

15. 1989 F.W. de Klerk became Pres. Of S. Africa Legalized ANC Repealed segregation laws 1990 Nelson Mandela is released 1994 S. Africa held open elections → Mandela elected President (he was succeeded by Thabo Mbeki in 1999) South Africa Change

17. US gave $600 million in war damages, but demanded lease of military bases (gave up in 1991) & free trade for 8 years (Bell Act) 1966-1986 Ferdinand Marcos was President – imposed martial law from 1972-1981 to stay in power 1986 lost election (begrudgingly) to Corazon Aquino 1995 - $475 million stolen by Marcos was recovered from Swiss banks The Philippines – July 4, 1946

18. China Follows Its Own Path

19. MAO’SREFORM • Industry grew 15% per year • Agricultural output grew slowly 1st Five Year Plan 1953-1957 • China suffered economic disaster • (industrial declines & food shortages) • Mao lost influence Great Leap Forward 1958-1962 • Mao regained influence by backing • radicals • Purges & conflicts among leaders • created economic, social & political • chaos • Moderates increasingly opposed • radicals in Communist Party Cultural Revolution 1966-1976

20. After the failure of the Cultural Revolution, China entered a moderate period under Zhou Enlai in the early 1970s 1971 - Zhou invited an American table tennis team to China (1st visit to Communist China) US endorses mainland China’s entry to the UN 1972 – Nixon goes to China → limited trade 1979 – US & China have formal diplomatic relations Change for China

21. Mao & Zhou died in 1976 By 1980, Deng Xiaoping emerges as leader Four Modernizations – called for progress in agriculture, industry, defense & science/technology Eliminated communes & leased land to peasants (food production  50%) Introduced limited capitalism to industry & promoted foreign trade China Under Deng

22. As living standards improved, gap between the rich and the poor widened Students (educated in the West through exchange programs) occupy Tiananmen Square (near the Imperial Palace in Beijing) for a protest regarding China’s lack of political freedom April 1989 – 100,000 students occupy the square Over time,1 million people joined the protest Deng declared martial law & had 250k soldiers surround Beijing Effects of Economic Progress

23. Many students leave the square, but about 3,000 stay The students set up a statue that resembled the Statue of Liberty called the “Goddess of Democracy” June 4, 1989 – thousands of soldiers attacked the student demonstrators in the square & around Beijing → thousands of casualties The Chinese gov’t used the media to deny the attack, but the media had already broadcast the truth Tiananmen Square

28. Deng died in 1997 after a long illness → Jiang Zemin became leader China continued to repress the pro-democracy movement Population growth → strained economy Human rights concerns continue China Today

30. The Chinese adamant that Tibet, Xinjiang (once known in the West as Chinese Turkestan), and the Northeast (once known as Manchuria; for 15 years, it was converted by the Japanese into a separate kingdom) are part of China Hong Kong -- for 155 years a British colony – was returned to China on July 1, 1997 after China promised respect Hong Kong’s economic system and political liberties for 50 years (so is Macao) Hong Kong