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ANIMAL-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES THAT MAY BE CONTROLLED BY ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

ANIMAL-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES THAT MAY BE CONTROLLED BY ANIMAL MANAGEMENT. Nitrogen Phosphorus Odors Greenhouse gases Sediment Species diversity. TOOLS TO MANAGE ANIMAL-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. Nutritional management Managed grazing.

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ANIMAL-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES THAT MAY BE CONTROLLED BY ANIMAL MANAGEMENT

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  1. ANIMAL-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES THAT MAY BE CONTROLLED BY ANIMAL MANAGEMENT • Nitrogen • Phosphorus • Odors • Greenhouse gases • Sediment • Species diversity

  2. TOOLS TO MANAGE ANIMAL-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES • Nutritional management • Managed grazing

  3. CONTROLLING NITROGEN EXCRETION BY OPTIMIZING PROTEIN METABOLISMMonogastrics • Increase protein digestibility • Lower crude protein intake • Dietary balance • Protein:energy ratio • Balance of essential amino acids • Phenyalanine • Valine • Tryptophan • Threonine • Isoleucine • Methionine • Histidine • Arginine • Leucine • Lysine

  4. CONTROLLING NITROGEN EXCRETION BY OPTIMIZING PROTEIN METABOLISMRuminants • Increase protein digestibility • Decrease N intake • Decrease protein degradability • Diet balance • Carbohydrate energy • Sulfur • Phosphorus A B S O R B E D Protein Escape Metabolizable Protein NPN Protein Degraded Microbial protein NH3 Excreted Converted to urea in liver

  5. MANAGING NITROGEN EXCRETION BY DAIRY COWS100 cow herd

  6. CONTROLLING PHOSPHORUS EXCRETION BY OPTIMIZING NUTRITION • Lower P intake • Phase feeding • Feed phytase to monogastrics • 50% of the phosphorus in most feeds is bound to phytic acid • Feed low phytate corn and soybeans to monogastrics • Dietary balance • Ca:P ratio • Vitamin D metabolites

  7. MANAGING PHOSPHORUS EXCRETION BY DAIRY COWS100 cow herd

  8. GREENHOUSE GASES • Carbon dioxide • Methane (CH4) • 21 x the greenhouse effects of CO2 • Nitrous oxide • 310 x the greenhouse effects of CO2

  9. SOURCE STRENGTHS OF GHG EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT BEEF AND DAIRY OPERATIONS

  10. WHY IS METHANE PRODUCED?

  11. CONTROLLING METHANE PRODUCTION BY RUMINANTS THROUGH DIET MANAGEMENT • Increase the proportion of grain and decrease the proportion of forage in the diet • Must have a minimum of 50% forage in dairy diets and 10% in feedlot diets • Grind forage • Feed ionophores • Monensin • Lasalocid • Salinomycin • Feed unsaturated fatty acids • Maximum 5% of diet dry matter

  12. Well-managed grazing Optimize forage productivity and nutritional quality Maximize forage species diversity Improve efficiency of forage utilization Maintains forage cover on streambanks Minimize soil erosion Minimize P loading of streams Minimize soil compaction and trailing Maximize manure nutrient distribution Poorly managed grazing Reduced forage productivity and quality Minimize forage species diversity Weed infestation Loss of streambank cover Stream widening and loss of aquatic habitat Increased soil erosion Increased P loading of streams Increased soil compaction Increased cow paths Poor manure distribution EFFECTS OF GRAZING ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

  13. KEY TO SUSTAINABILITY OF GRAZING LANDS • Managing vegetative cover through • Feed for grazing livestock • Hold soil into place • Filter water • Recycle nutrients

  14. EFFECTS OF FORAGE CANOPY HEIGHT ON GROUND COVER, INFILTRATION RATE, AND EROSION RATE AFTER TREADING AT THREE RATES ON A NEW ZEALAND HILL COUNTRY PASTURE

  15. COMPONENTS OF GOOD GRAZING MANAGEMENT • Appropriate stocking rate • Neither too low or high • Flexible management to maintain forage quality • Adjust stocking rate • Hay harvest • Appropriate rest periods • Based on forage growth rate • 15 days early summer • 35 days in mid-summer • Appropriate design • Number of paddocks • 8 – 12 for rest • 24 – 36 for grazing efficiency • Square paddocks • Water in each paddock

  16. Estimate forage yield Estimate total forage in 5 ac paddock Estimate available forage in paddock Estimate forage intake by fifty 1250 lb cow-calf pairs Calculate days/paddock Calculate total paddocks Calculate total acres 15 cm x 110 lb/ac/cm = 1650 lb/ac 1650 lb/ac x 10 ac = 16,500 lb 16,500 lb x 50% = 8250 lb 50 x 1250 x 3.5% BW = 2188 lb/day 8250 lb/pad / 2188 lb/day = 3.8 days 35 days rest/3.8 days + 1 = 10.2 paddocks 10.2 paddocks x 10 ac/pad = 100 ac CALCULATING THE LENGTH OF OCCUPANCY FOR PADDOCKS

  17. FORAGE AVAILABILITY THROUGHOUT THE YEAR

  18. ARRANGEMENT OF TREATMENTS(June, 2002)

  19. MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENT AND PHOSPHORUS LOSSESRainfall simulations • Frequency • June, August, October, and April • Locations • 3 in 2 slope classes within each paddock • 3 in each buffer strip at paddock base • 3 in each buffer strip 30 ft from paddock base • Rainfall rate • 2.8 inches/hour • Duration • 1.5 hours

  20. EFFECTS OF FORAGE TREATMENTS ON ANNUAL SEDIMENT FLOW(Year 1)

  21. EFFECTS OF FORAGE TREATMENTS ON ANNUAL TOTAL AND SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS FLOW(Year 1)

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