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IST 201

IST 201. Chapter 8. Environments. Shared- media lots of hosts accessing same medium common collision domain 10Base2 10Base5 10BaseT – using hubs Extended Shared-media longer cable runs using hubs/repeaters extended collision domain Point to Point Dial up connection User to ISP

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IST 201

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  1. IST 201 Chapter 8

  2. Environments • Shared- media • lots of hosts accessing same medium • common collision domain • 10Base2 • 10Base5 • 10BaseT – using hubs • Extended Shared-media • longer cable runs using hubs/repeaters • extended collision domain • Point to Point • Dial up connection • User to ISP • No collisions

  3. Indirectly Connected Networks • Circuit-switched • electrical circuits maintained for length of communication • bandwidth is dedicated point to point connection • no collisions • Packet switched • shared media but logical point to point connection

  4. Collision Domain Devices • Layer 2 and Layer 3 devices break up collision domains • Segmentation: process of breaking up collision domains

  5. 5-4-3-2-1 Rule • 5 sections of media • 4 repeaters/hubs • 3 sections w/connected hosts • 2 sections – extension purposes only • 1 collision domain • Repeater latency • Propagation delay • NIC latency reasons for the 4 repeater rule

  6. Late collisions • Violating 5-4-3 rule • Collision after 64 bytes of the frame are transmitted • NICs aren’t programmed to resend after late collisions • Add delay – called consumption delay • Decreases network performance

  7. Segmentation • Breaking up the collision domain into smaller segments • Created by layer 2 devices (layer 3 also) • Leads to more efficient network • More bandwidth is available to each host

  8. Problem • If there’s too much traffic between segments, the switch or bridge can become a bottleneck.

  9. Broadcast Radiation • Bridges & switches forward broadcasts and multicasts • Broadcast radiation – amount of traffic caused by all the bridges/switches on a network forwarding broadcasts/multicasts • Degrades network performance

  10. Sources of Broadcasts/Multicasts • Workstations • Routers • Multicast applications

  11. ARP-Address Resolution Protocol • Has IP address of destination host • Needs MAC address of destination host • Sends a broadcast to all hosts to get MAC address.

  12. Broadcast Domains • A network segment consisting of a number of collision domains • Routers (Layer 3) divide broadcast domains. • Routers do not forward broadcasts from one network to another.

  13. Data Flow Responsibility • Layer 1 – transmission across the medium • Layer 2 – collision domain management • Layer 3 = broadcast domain management

  14. Segment • Section of network bounded by bridges/switches/routers • In a bus network – the continuous circuit connected with repeaters • PDU @ the transport layer

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