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Imperialism

America Spreads its Wings (and its beliefs, politics, business, etc). Imperialism. Imperialism. The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. Three Roots of American Imperialism. US Acquires Alaska. William Seward

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Imperialism

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  1. America Spreads its Wings (and its beliefs, politics, business, etc) Imperialism

  2. Imperialism • The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

  3. Three Roots of American Imperialism

  4. US Acquires Alaska • William Seward • Secretary of State under Lincoln & Johnson • Purchased Alaska from Russia • 1867 (statehood 1959) • $7.2 million • “Seward’s Icebox” or “Seward’s Folly” • Turned out to be rich in resources

  5. US Acquires Hawaii • Hawaii economically important to US • Trade stop • American-owned sugar plantations • Account for 3/4ths of wealth • Population • By 1920, Hawaiians made up less than 20% of population • Military Importance • Pearl Harbor

  6. US Acquires Hawaii • King Kalakaua • Amend Hawaii’s constitution—only wealthy landowners vote • Queen Liliuokalani • “Hawaii for Hawaiians” • Business interests organize a revolution • New government under Sanford B. Dole

  7. US Acquires Hawaii

  8. The Spanish-American War

  9. Causes of the Spanish-American War • US wants control over Cuba • Close to home • Business interests • US businesses invested billions in sugar cane plantations • Cubans rebel against Spain (1868-1878) • Some Americans were sympathetic & empathetic to the Cuban people

  10. Causes of the Spanish-American War • Second War for Independence • José Martí (1895) • Guerilla campaign—destroyed property • Trying to provoke US intervention by attacking American owned sugar mills and plantations • American opinion split: • Free Cuba! • Protect our business!

  11. Yellow Journalism • Sensational style of writing that exaggerates the news to lure and enrage readers • William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer • “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war”

  12. Yellow Journalism • Spanish General ValerianoWeyler • Nicknamed “Butcher” • Creates civilian concentration camps in Cuba • Prevent people from aiding the rebels, or freedom fighters • 300,000 in camps – horrid conditions • Over 10,000 die 1/4 of the Cuban population • Destroys their economy and countryside • Yellow journalism – he’s poisoning rivers & feeding children to sharks

  13. De Lome Letter • NY Journal published a leaked letter • From Enrique Dupuy de Lôme—Spanish minister to US • Calls McKinley weak • American hostility toward Spain grows

  14. Explosion of the USS MaineHavana Harbor, Feb. 15, 1898

  15. “Who Sank the Maine” Activity New York journal New york times

  16. “Awake United States!” This song was rushed into print between the sinking of the Maine on February 15, 1898, and the declaration of war on April 25, 1898. Eagle soar on high, and sound the battle cry! And how proudly sailed the warship Maine, a Nation’s pride, without a stain! A wreck she lies, her sailors slain. By two-faced butchers, paid by Spain! Eagle soar on high, And sound the battle cry Wave the starry flag! In mud it shall not drag!

  17. Newspaper Headlines Remember the Maine! To Hell with Spain!

  18. War with Spain • US declares war on April 20, 1898 • US declares war on Spain • First battle: Manila, Philippine Islands • Commodore George Dewey’s troops destroy the Spanish fleet and take Manila • Filipinos supported the US • Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo help fight

  19. Philippines & Caribbean

  20. War with Spain • War in the Caribbean • US naval blockade in Cuba • Blocked Spanish fleet in Santiago Bay • When they tried to escape blockade, US Navy destroyed Spanish fleet • Now clear - US navy was superior to Spain’s • Navy heads to Puerto Rico

  21. War with Spain • US Army • The US army, however, mainly consisted of inexperience and ill-prepared volunteers • Clothing too hot • Weapons are old • Minimal training • Officers telling battle stories from Civil War

  22. Rough Riders • Volunteer cavalry under Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt • Roosevelt gave up job as Assistant Secretary of the Navy to lead the Rough Riders • San Juan Hill (near Santiago) • Rough Riders’ earlier victory at Kettle Hill cleared the way • Minor role in second victory • Roosevelt = hero of San Juan Hill!

  23. Rough Riders

  24. End of the War • Call a cease-fire in August to negotiate • Meet in Paris – sign Treaty of Paris • John Hay calls it a “Splendid little war” • 15 weeks long • America now has an Empire!

  25. Treaty of Paris • Ended the Spanish-American War • Results: • Spain frees Cuba • US gets Puerto Rico & Guam • Spain sells the Philippines to the US for $20 million • These outcomes create huge controversies in the US surrounding issues of: • Political • Moral • Economic

  26. Treaty of Paris—Debate • Some questioned the US’s right to annex the Philippines • McKinley claimed God wanted the US to take the islands • BUT most Filipinos were Christians • Other issues: • Violates Declaration of Independence • We need to focus on race issues at home (Booker T. Washington) • Filipino immigrants might come take American jobs (Samuel Gompers) • February 6, 1899 the Senate approved the treaty and the US annexed the Philippines

  27. America: An Empire

  28. What should the US do with… • Puerto Rico? • Puerto Rico occupied by US troops during the war • Treaty of Paris gives PR to US—What do to after? • Foraker Act – ends US military rule and sets up civilian government • PR is strategically important in Caribbean • Protect future of canal in Panama • PR eventually becomes a commonwealth • People elect lower house of legislature (now elect both) • 1917—US citizenship • Can come & go in US • Can’t vote in presidential elections • Rejected statehood

  29. What should the US do with… • Cuba? • US Teller Amendment: US would not take over Cuba • Treaty of Paris: guaranteed Cuban independence • However, US troops occupied Cuba at the end of the war • Same leaders (from when Spain ruled) were in charge • Good and bad—Cuba was not fully independent, but the US troops provided • Food • Clothing • Help to farmers • Improved sanitation—Eliminate Yellow Fever • Schools

  30. What should the US do with… • Cuba? • 1900 – new Cuban gov’t creates constitution • Unclear relationship with US • 1901 US adds — Platt Amendment • Protectorate—Partially controlled by stronger power • No treaties that limit independence • No foreign power to control Cuba • US can intervene • No debt with other countries that can’t be paid back • US can buy/lease land for naval & refueling bases

  31. Why maintain control in Cuba? • US business interests: • Sugar • Tobacco • Mining • Protect railroad and public utilities

  32. US Intervention in Latin America

  33. What should the US do with… • The Philippines? • Treaty of Paris calls for annexation • How did the Filipinos react? • Angry? Outraged!! • Remember Emilio Aguinaldo? We fought side-by-side. • Vows to fight for their freedom from the US • Use guerilla warfare again • US becomes like Spain • Puts rebels in camps—poor sanitation, starvation, diseases, thousands die

  34. American-Philippine War • From 1899 to 1904 • White US soldiers looked at Filipinos as inferiors – high racism • 70,000 troops – many African American – ironic given racism prevalent in US • Racism leads to brutality, atrocities • Anti-imperialism movement publishes soldiers’ letters home to prove imperialism is wrong • When war ends • Philippines set up like Puerto Rico • On July 4, 1946, Philippines becomes independent

  35. US Influence in China • Europeans set up “spheres of influence” • China was a large potential market • John Hay—Open Door Notes • Share trading rights with US • Chinese want “foreign devils” out • Boxer Rebellion • Europeans and US put down rebellion

  36. US Influence in China • More Open Door Notes: • US safeguard “equal & impartial” trade with China and world • Reflects deeply held beliefs: • US economic growth needs exports • US has right to intervene • Any area closed to US products, people, ideas threatens US survival • Policies strongly favor US interests over other foreign countries.

  37. America: A World Power

  38. Teddy as President • With the assassination of McKinley (1901), Teddy Roosevelt becomes president • As president, Teddy… • Negotiates the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) • Ends the Russo-Japanese War • Nobel Peace Prize • Helps get the Panama Canal built • Adds his Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine…

  39. The Monroe Doctrine • Issued in 1823 by President James Monroe • Demanded that European countries stay out of the affairs of Latin American nations • Trying to keep European powers out of our hemisphere • Roosevelt was worried because many Latin American nations were going in debt to European banks

  40. Roosevelt Corollary • Roosevelt added his corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Not only should Europe stay out of Latin America, but the US would use force to protect its own interests there • Based on his philosophy: • “Speak softly and carry a big stick” • Whatever you say, you must be willing to back up with force if necessary

  41. Dollar Diplomacy • Used under Taft: • Policy of using the US government to guarantee loans made to foreign countries by American businesspeople • Use economic power to influence other countries

  42. Nicaragua • 1911 rebellion nearly bankrupts the country • President Taft arranges US banks to make loans to pay off debts • In exchange, bankers are repaid by collecting the country’s customs duties. • Bankers also take control of the gov’t-owned railroads & National bank • People revolt against this, and US sends Marines – they stay until 1933

  43. Missionary Diplomacy • Under Woodrow Wilson • US had a moral responsibility to deny recognition to any Latin American government it viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to US interests • Not just recognizing any government that controlled the nation anymore

  44. Mexican Revolution • PorfirioDíaz—military dictator who ruled Mexico • Friend of the US • Uprising by Mexican people against Díaz • General Victoriano Huerta takes over government • Wilson & US government won’t recognize him

  45. Mexican Revolution • Wilson & the US wait for an opportunity to intervene in Mexico • 1914—Group of American sailors arrested in Tampico • Released quickly, but it was the excuse we were waiting for • US occupies Veracruz • Now US and Mexico near war • While the US and Huerta cannot come to an agreement, Huerta’s regime collapsed and he was replaced by Venustiano Carranza • Wilson recognizes Carranza’s government

  46. Mexican Revolution • But not all Mexican people support Carranza • Francisco “Pancho” Villa • Emiliano Zapata • Villa threatens US when they recognize Carranza’s government • Villa shot American engineers traveling to operate mines in Mexico • His followers cross into New Mexico and kill 17 Americans

  47. Pursuing Pancho • John J. Pershing sent to Mexico with 15,000 soldiers to capture Villa • Searches for over a year • Military clashes with Mexican troops • War seems imminent • Finally called home • Carranza rules until 1920 when he is eventually replaced by a more moderate leader & the Mexican Civil War ends

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