Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling

1. Ecosystems: Components, Energy Flow, and Matter Cycling Chapter 4

2. Objective 4.1-4.3 Describe the major components of an ecosystem

3. What is Ecology? • How organisms interact with one another and with their nonliving environment • Study of CONNECTIONS

4. What are Organisms? Eukaryotes Prokaryotes

5. Fig. 4-2 p. 66 Ecological Organization Individual Species are groups of organisms that resemble one another Populations Group of interacting individuals of the same species Communities Populations of different species occupying the same place Ecosystems Community interacting with one another and nonliving environment Biomes Regions made up of ecosystems Biosphere Zone of earth where life is found

6. Earth’s Life-Support Systems • Atmosphere • Troposphere11 miles above sea level • Stratosphere11-30 miles • Hydrosphere • Lithosphere • Biosphere

7. Sustaining Life on Earth

8. THE Source of Energy

9. Greenhouse Effect • Not the same thing as global warming! • Unreflected solar radiation degraded to infrared radiation • Greenhouse gases reduce heat flow back to space • What are some greenhouse gases?

10. Abiotic Components Nonliving, physical and chemical factors that influence organisms in land ecosystems and aquatic life zones Terrestrial Ecosystem Aquatic Life Zone

11. Law of Tolerance • Presence of a species determined by abiotic factors falling within the range of tolerance • Individuals in a population may have slightly different tolerance ranges because of genetic differences, health, age

12. Tolerance Limits

13. Limiting Factors Limiting Factor Principle: Too much OR too little of any abiotic factor can limit/prevent growth, even if all other factors are at or near optimum range Terrestrial Ecosystem Aquatic Life Zone

14. Biotic Components Living organisms in land ecosystems and aquatic life zones,producers or consumers • Producers (autotrophs) chemosynthesis photosynthesis

15. Biotic Components

16. Biotic Components • Detritivores: feed on parts of dead organisms, cast-off fragments, and wastes of living organisms

17. Using Energy Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Break down glucose without oxygen End products vary • Use oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into carbon dioxide and water

18. Biodiversity Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Functional Diversity

19. Biodiversity Ecological Diversity

20. Ecotone

21. Objective 4.4-4.5 Describe energy flow in ecosystems

22. Trophic Levels

23. Human Blue whale Sperm whale Killer whale Elephant seal Crabeater seal Leopard seal Emperor penguin Adélie penguins Petrel Squid Fish Carnivorous plankton Herbivorous zooplankton Krill Phytoplankton Food Webs

24. Biomass • Each trophic level contains a certain amount of organic matter which is transferred from one trophic level to another First Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics

25. Ecological Efficiency

26. Energy Input: 1,700,000 kilocalories Incoming solar energy not harnessed 1,679,190 (98.8%) Energy Transfers 20,810 (1.2%) Producers Waste, remains Metabolic heat, export 4,245 3,368 13,197 Herbivores 720 383 2,265 Carnivores 90 21 272 Top carnivores 5 16 Decomposers, detritivores Energy Output Total Annual Energy Flow 20,810 + 1,679,190 1,700,000 (100%) Top carnivores Decomposers/detritivores 21 Carnivores 5,060 383 Herbivores 3,368 Producers 20,810

27. Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers Pyramid of Biomass Abandoned Field Ocean

28. Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers Pyramid of Numbers Grassland (summer) Temperate Forest (summer)

29. Primary ProductivityGross Primary Productivity (GPP)

30. Primary ProductivityNet Primary Productivity (NPP)

31. Explain why food chains are typically short Make an argument for vegetarianism based on the second law of thermodynamics