Workshop on Citation: a) Direct Quotation, b) Paraphrasing

1. Workshop on Citation:a) Direct Quotation, b) Paraphrasing

2. Brief Entry Point Reasons for using quotations is that you need to support your points. You cannot just copy the work of others. The acceptable and legal way to use other writer’s ideas and writing is by quoting and paraphrasing.

3. Reasons for not using quotations: • do not quote if the information is well-known in your subject area; • do not use a quotation that disagrees with your argument unless you can prove it is wrong; • do not quote if you cannot understand the meaning of the original source; • do not quote if you are not able to paraphrase the original; • do not use quotations to make your points for you; use them to support your points.

4. Sometimes you may want to quote an author's words exactly, not paraphrase them. If you decide to quote directly from a text, you will need an expression to introduce it and quotation marks will need to be used: • As X said/says, "... ..." • As X stated/states, "... ..." • As X wrote/writes, "... ..." • As X commented/comments, "... ..." • As X observed/observes, "... ..." • As X pointed/points out, "... ..." • To quote from X, "... ..." • It was X who said that "... ..." • This example is given by X: "... ..." • According to X, "... ..." • X claims that, "... ..." • X found that, "... ..." • The opinion of X is that, "... ..."

5. First hand sources • Second hand sources • Integral way • Non integral way

6. Step by step workshop 1. Open the article in the klasiber/ yk-edu.org/e-refleksi 2. For first hand sources. Do the integral way of quoting by APA style:

7. Widdowson (1979, p. 5) states that "there is a good deal of argument in favour of extending the concept of competence to cover the ability to use language to communicative effect." • According to Widdowson (1979),"there is a good deal of argument in favour of extending the concept of competence to cover the ability to use language to communicative effect" (p. 5). • According to Widdowson, "there is a good deal of argument in favour of extending the concept of competence to cover the ability to use language to communicative effect" (1979, p. 5). • According to one researcher, "there is a good deal of argument in favour of extending the concept of competence to cover the ability to use language to communicative effect" (Widdowson, 1979, p. 5).

8. If the direct quotation is long - more than two or three lines, it should be indented as a separate paragraph with no quotation marks. According to Smith (1982, p. 276): The "placebo effect," which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviours were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviours were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to the placebo effect.

9. 3. For second hand sources: According to Matheson (as cited in Vurdien, 2011, p. 1), the blog is....

10. Brief Entry Point 1. Structure: Change the grammar (active – passive, join – divide sentence, word form from adjective to noun). 2. Meaning: Don’t change the meaning (keep the meaning still the same with the sources).

11. 3. Words Use different vocabulary when possible usually more common synonyms/expressions and simpler phrases. Keep specialized vocabulary which has no synonyms (e.g., calcium, plastic, theory), proper names (e.g., Europe, WHO), numbers (e.g., 50%, 1984).

12. 4. Length: Keep the length is more or less the same with the sources. It can be shorter but not longer. 5. Style: Should use your own words not imitate or copy of the source, even if your own style seems less perfect to you.

14. Workshop on Paraphrasing

15. Brown (1983, p. 231) claims that a far more effective approach is ... (The first one is Brown's point of view with no indication about your point of view). • Brown (1983, p. 231) points out that a far more effective approach is ... • (The second one is Brown's point of view, which you agree with) • A far more effective approach is ... (Brown, 1983, p. 231) (the third is your point of view, which is supported by Brown)

16. If you agree with what the writer says. • The work of X indicates that ... • The work of X reveals that ... • The work of X shows that ... • Turning to X, one finds that ... • Reference to X reveals that ... • In a study of Y, X found that ... • As X points out, ... • As X perceptively states, ... • As X has indicated, ... • A study by X shows that ... • X has drawn attention to the fact that ... • X correctly argues that ... • X rightly points out that ... • X makes clear that ...

17. If you disagree with what the writer says. • X claims that ... • X states erroneously that ... • The work of X asserts that ... • X feels that ... • However, Y does not support X's argument that ...

18. If you do not want to give your point of view about what the writer says. • According to X... • It is the view of X that ... • The opinion of X is that ... • In an article by X, ... • Research by X suggests that ... • X has expressed a similar view. • X reports that ... • X notes that ... • X states that ... • X observes that ... • X concludes that ... • X argues that ... • X found that ... • X discovered that ...