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Section 2: Basic Energy Economics Analysis

Section 2: Basic Energy Economics Analysis. Dr. Congxiao Shang Room No.: 01 37P Email: c.shang@uea.ac.uk. ENV-2D02 (2006):Energy Conservation. 4th. 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 5th. £20. £20. £20. £20. £20. £20. £20. £20. £20. £20. £20. £20. Annual Saving. 2.1 Introduction.

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Section 2: Basic Energy Economics Analysis

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  1. Section 2: Basic Energy Economics Analysis Dr. Congxiao Shang Room No.: 01 37P Email: c.shang@uea.ac.uk ENV-2D02 (2006):Energy Conservation

  2. 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 5th £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 Annual Saving 2.1 Introduction • Decisions to an energy project should largely be made on the basis of economic analysis. • Imperfect analysis of energy issues can be flawed, and give misleading answers on decisions made. ? A project costs: £100 To implement Viable

  3. 2.1 Introduction • An energy project should consider: - whether to promote energy conservation, i.e. energy saving, - or to develop new energy resources, such as wind, tidal energy, solar, hydrogen and biofuels etc Main objective: To assess whether an energy project is economically feasible.

  4. 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 5th £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 £20 Annual Saving 2.1 Introduction • Decisions to an energy project should largely be made on the basis of economic analysis. • Imperfect analysis of energy issues can be flawed, and give misleading answers on decisions made. ? A project costs: £100 To implement Viable

  5. 2.1 Introduction • Before answering the question – correctly… Let’s revise some concepts for simple cost benefit analyses. Those who have done Environmental Economics will know some simplifications in what is described below.

  6. 2.2 Discount Rate The concept of discount rate is introduced because of the following facts : • On the one hand, money borrowed to implement a project will incur interest charges which are compounded each year. • On the other, the value of money or saving declines with time, due to inflation. • To simplify the analysis, we use the present time as a reference for analysis (hence, interest charge is not an issue), the concept of a Discount Rate to account for inflation, and the Net Present Value (NPV) to evaluate the present value of future savings.

  7. 2.2 Discount Rates • The term, discount rate, is used to determine the present value of future cash flows arising from a project, i.e. the discounted value of future cashflows, due to inflation. • The actual value of the discount rate is equivalent to the basic interest rate that a high-street bank is charged to borrow funds directly from the Central Bank.

  8. For a conservation project which costs £100 to implement, we save £20 p.a. with a discount rate, r = 5%: 2.2 Discount Rates We can analyse the economics of a project using the discount rate in two ways: • Individual discount approach • Cumulative discount approach

  9. 2.2 Discount Rates The discount factor of the year n can be computed from the formula: The NPV( Net Present Value) = (value of saving in the year n)  (the discount factor of the year): reflects the value of the fuel saving would have if it were accounted at the present time rather than some years into the future. It accounts for the effect of inflation.

  10. 2.2 Discount Rates The discount factor of the year n can be computed from the formula: • To sum up, the accumulated NPV fuel saving over the first five years is £86.59, which is still £13.41 short of repaying the initial capital of £100, i.e. a loss of £13.41, the project would not be viable • However, if the project’s life span is 6 years with no further cost, the total NPV becomes £100 +£1.51 • For 7 years life span, the NPV = £100 + £15.72, certainly viable!

  11. 2.2 Discount Rates Cumulative discount approach It gives the cumulative factor of discount up to and including the year n. it is usually quicker to use such values rather then some the individual discount values as shown in the previous table

  12. 2.2 Discount Rates How to calculate Cumulative discount factors? The Cumulative Discount Factor in year n is the sum of all the discount factors from year 1 to year n The Cumulative NPV to year n is the sum of all the NPVs of individual savings from year 1 to year n; or = Annual saving x the Cumulative Discount Factor

  13. 2.3 Project life and Choice of Discount Rate • Project Life depends on a number of factors: • A single initial cost • Compensation factors, e.g. fuel price rises • Offsetting factors, e.g. maintenance charges • Competing schemes, e.g. a new process that gives more profit than the saving from the project, for the same initial investment

  14. Life span: • Small Schemes • Exceptional Schemes with pay back period no more than 9-18 months Cost effective 2 years Over 5 years will be considered; rarely considered 2.3 Project life and Choice of Discount Rate

  15. 2.3 Project Life and Choice of Discount Rate • Discount rates vary from time to time depending on the economic climate; • Different organizations will set different target discount rates 1) A higher discount rate 10%+ favours coal and fossil fired power generation. 2) Moderate discount rates ~5% tend to favour gas and nuclear options. 3) Low discount rates, even≤ zero, favour conservation and renewable energy.

  16. 2.4 Fuel Price Rises 2.5 Negative Discount Rates

  17. 2.6 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) At one discount rate, the NPV over the life of the project is 0, this corresponds to the Internal Rate of Return. • The figure shows the results of analyzing the example in 2.2 with differing discount rates for a project life of 7 years. • The NPV becomes zero for a discount rate of 9.2% - the Internal Rate of return. • The graphical approach is much quicker to determine the IRR than a numeric method.

  18. 2.6 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) • The IRR is the discount rate that makes net present value of all cash flow equal zero or the project will break even. • If you apply a discount rate to future cashflows that is higher than the IRR, the project will make a loss in real terms. If you apply a discount that is lower than the IRR, the project will be profitable Profitable Non-profitable

  19. 2.7 The Changing Price Structure for Electricity & Gas • Electricity Charges will be in three parts: 1.Charge to the Regional Electricity Company (REC) for transmission which will be the same for all suppliers 2.Charges for the actual units used 3.A charge for meter reading • Gas • Duel fuel

  20. 2.8 Trends in Energy Tariffs In the case of electricity, the corresponding tariffs are: (from WEB Site, 19th December 2005) EDF Tariff PowerGen Tariff Scottish Power Tariff

  21. 2.8 Trends in Energy Tariffs Comparison of three electricity tariffs

  22. 2.8 Trends in Energy Tariffs In the case of gas, the corresponding tariff for PowerGen: (19th December 2005) Unlike the electricity, the gas tariffs were more uniform across the country. However, there are variations recently due to competition introduced to the distribution of gas as well

  23. 2.9 Some Examples on loft insulation Example 1: Area of average house = 49m2 Assume house with no loft insulation Situation after insulation measures * Energy costs based on tariffs from Dec. 2003. The differences indicate the rise in prices over last two years.

  24. 2.9 Some Examples on loft insulation Example 2: Area of average house = 49m2; some house with 50mm insulation already • Gas heated (condensing boiler) case again • Initial consumption will be 6.48 GJ (c.f. 30.6 GJ) for pre-war house. • Initial annual consumption for post war house = 5.63 GJ (c.f. 17.8GJ) NOTE: you will be shown how to calculate the values of 6.48 and 5.63 later in the course. Calculation:

  25. 2.11 Criteria for Investing in a Project • The project must have a net positive present value over its life span • The project has the most favourable rate of return when compared to other projects, or to direct investment (i.e. use IRR as an indicator here). • If money has to be borrowed to undertake the project, then the rate of return must be greater than the borrowing rate. • The rate of return must be significantly above the direct investment rate as capital is tied up and cannot be used for other things.

  26. 2.2 Discount Rates Example of a compounded interest rate: A project is cost £100, borrowed at 5% interest rate After one year The total amount repaid: £100×1.05=£105 After two years The total amount repaid: £105×1.05=£110.25 By the end of fifth year The total amount repaid: £100 ×1.055 = £127.63 not £100 +5 × £100 × 5% = £125 in the simple interest case

  27. 2.2 Discount Rates Optional Information: In fact a discount rate is slightly different from the interest rate, mathematically… The discount rate is based on the future cash flow in lieu of the present value of the cash flow. E.g. we have $80, and we buy a government bond that pays us $100 in a year's time. The discount rate represents the discount on the future cash flow: (100-80)/100= 20% The interest rate on the cash flow is calculated using 80 as its base: (100-80)/80= 25% Hence, for every interest rate, there is a corresponding discount rate, given by: d= i/(1+i) Again when referring to a cash flow being discounted, it will likely refer to the interest rate and not the proper mathematical discount rate. However, the two are separate concepts in financial mathematics.

  28. 2.10 Some Comments on these examples. • The examples show exactly how cost effective loft insulation can be particularly if there is no insulation to start with. • It pays to install thicker insulation at outset as it will be cost effective (even if there is no grant). • It becomes progressively uneconomic to upgrade insulation standards, and that if 100m already exists, it is not cost effective to upgrade, even though it is cost effective to put in 150mm from scratch • The present grant system is a disincentive to those who have spent money in the passed. • Grants of up to 90% are available for pensioners • It is argued that the poor cannot afford the capital outlay. The poor will not have condensing boilers, and are more than likely to have electric heating, and pay back is within a few weeks. With an extended 90% grant, the capital cost is no more than £10, so this can hardly be construed as a deterrent Or see the lecture notes

  29. Structure of Electricity Supply in early 1990sСтруктура системы энергоснабжения в начале 1990 г.г. Scottish Hydro Scottish Power England & Wales Northern NORWEB Yorkshire Англия и Уэльс East Midlands MANWEB Midlands Eastern SWALEC London SEEBOARD Southern SWEB Scotland Шотландия • Scotland Шотландия • Vertical Integration Вертикальная интеграция • two companiesдве компании England and Wales Англия и Уэльс 12 Regional Supply Companies 12 региональных компаний also Distributed Network Operatorsа также распределяющие сетевые операторы

  30. Distributed Network Ownership in 2005Владение распределительной сетью в 2005 Distributed Network Ownership in 2004 Scottish & Southern Scottish Power United Utilities Mid American Electricité de France Western Power Aquila Scottish & Southern Scottish Power nPower PowerGen Electricité de France Regional Supply OwnershipВладение региональных поставщиков PowerGen Central Networks Distributed Network OwnershipВладение распределительной сети

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