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Essential Water-Soluble Vitamins: Functions and Recommendations

Explore the importance of water-soluble vitamins like B complex group in the body, their chief functions, sources, deficiency symptoms, and recommended daily intakes. Learn about vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, and more for optimal health.

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Essential Water-Soluble Vitamins: Functions and Recommendations

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  1. Water Soluble Vitamins!Mrs. T.L. Divya, M.Sc (N)Assistant Professor, Department of Child Health Nursing,Annammal College Of Nursing, Kuzhithurai B Vitamins

  2. Introduction • The word vitamin is derived from two words- vital & amine • The word vitamine is coined by Casimir Funk in the year 1912. • Broadly vitamines are classified as- water soluble and fat soluble.

  3. Water Soluble Vitamins: B complex group • Elmer V. McCollum has been credited with the discovery of B complex group • It constitutes 8 water soluble agents. • Vitamin B1 – Thiamine • Vitamin B2 – Riboflavin • Vitamin B3 – Niacin

  4. Contd….. • Vitamin B5 – Pantothenic acid • Vitamin B6 – Pyridoxine • Vitamin B7 – Biotin • Vitamin B9 – Folic acid • Vitamin B12 – Cobalamine • Choline, inositol, PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid) & lipoic acid are synthesized within our body.

  5. Symptoms of insufficiency and risk factors of B Vitamins Neurological issues like memory loss, confusion , irritability etc. Tiredness and fatigue Nausea and poor appetite Skin lesions

  6. The casual factors for the deficiency Impaired absorption Certain genetic conditions A pure vegetarian diet Age Certain medications

  7. Thiamin (Vitamin B1) • Casimir Funk in 1912 obtained vitamin B1 as a crystalline substance from rice polishings. He called it 'vitalamine‘ • Chief functions in the body • Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism Easily destroyed by heat

  8. CAUSES OF DEFICIENCY • Poor dietary intake • Reduced absorption • Excessive loss • Diabetic patients

  9. ThiaminSources Pork Whole Grain or Enriched Grains

  10. Deficiency disorders • Deficiency Symptoms • Enlarged heart and possible cardiac failure • Muscular weakness • Apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, and irritability • Anorexia and weight loss

  11. Thiamin Deficiency • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a severe deficiency that develops in those who abuse alcohol. • Deficiency results in the disease beriberi. • No reported toxicities

  12. Thiamin Recommendations (1998 RDA)RDA Men: 1.2 mg/dayRDA Women: 1.1 mg/day

  13. RiboflavinD.T.Smith & E.G. Hendrickhave been credited with its discovery in the year 1926.Chief functions in the bodyPart of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism.Easily destroyed by ultraviolet light and irradiation

  14. Causes of deficiency • Alcoholism • Certain diseases

  15. RiboflavinSources Milk products Yogurt Cheese Enriched or whole grains Liver

  16. Riboflavin Deficiency and Toxicity • Deficiency Symptoms • Inflamed eyelids, sensitivity to light, and reddening of the cornea • Sore throat, cracks and redness at the corners of the mouth • Painful, smooth and purplish red tongue • Skin lesions covered with greasy scales • Deficiency disease is ariboflavinosis • No reported toxicities

  17. Riboflavin Recommendations (1998 RDA) RDA Men: 1.3 mg/dayRDA Women: 1.1 mg/day

  18. Niacin- B3 • Conrad Elvehjemhave been credited with its discovery in the year 1937. • Chief functions in the body • Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (its phosphate form) used in energy metabolism

  19. Other names Nicotinic acid Nicotinamide Niacinamide Vitamin B3

  20. Causes of deficiency Insufficient dietary intake Anorexia & obesity Intake of anti tubercular drugs

  21. NiacinSources All protein foods Milk, eggs, meat, fish, poultry Whole grain Enriched grains Nuts

  22. Deficiency of Niacin: Pellagra • 3 Ds • Dementia • Diarrhea • Dermatitis (worse with sun exposure) • Occurs in 50-60 days • Poor appetite, weight loss, weakness

  23. Niacin Recommendations (1998 RDA) • RDA Men: 16 NE/day • RDA Women: 14 NE/day • Upper level of 35 mg/day for adults

  24. Pantothenic Acid -B5 • Pantothenic acid is involved in energy metabolism as a part of coenzyme A.

  25. Causes of deficiency • Malnutrition

  26. Pantothenic Acid Sources • Widespread in foods • Organ meats • Mushrooms • Avacado • Broccoli • Whole grains

  27. Recommendations (1998 Adequate Intake) • In Adults: 5 mg/day

  28. Pyridoxine - B6 • Paul Gyorgyhave been credited with its discovery in the year 1934. • Other names • Pyridoxine • Pyridoxal • Pyridoxamine

  29. Causes of deficiency • Alcoholics • Impaired metabolism

  30. Vitamin B6Sources Meat, fish, poultry, liver Potatoes Legumes Non-citrus fruits Fortified cereal Soy products

  31. Deficiency symptoms Scaly dermatitis Anemia (small-cell type) Depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions

  32. Recommendations (1998 Adequate Intake) • Adults (19-50 years): 1.3 mg/day • Upper level for adults: 100 mg/day

  33. Biotin-B7 Chief functions in the body Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis Naturally B7 can be synthesized only by bacteria, yeast, certain plant species etc.

  34. Causes of deficiency • Insufficient dietary intake • Hereditary • Biotinase deficiency • Prolonged consumption of raw egg

  35. Biotin Sources • Widespread in foods • Organ meats, fish • Egg yolks • Soyabeans • Whole grains

  36. Biotin Deficiency • Deficiencies are rare. • Deficiency Symptoms • Depression, lethargy, and hallucinations • Numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs • Red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose and mouth • Hair loss • Biotin can be bound with an raw egg-white protein called avidin.

  37. Recommendations (1998 Adequate Intake) • Adults: 30 g/day

  38. Folate- B9 This vitamin is discovered by Lucy Willis in the year 1933. Other names Folic acid Folacin Pteroylglutamic acid (PGA)

  39. Causes of deficiency Dietary deficiency Lifestyle Pre existing conditions Genetic defect

  40. Folacin • Neural Tube Defects • Malformation of the central nervous system that forms very early in the pregnancy (often even before woman realizes she is pregnant • Spina bifida- spine develops outside of the body • Anencephaly- entire brain and skull above the ears is missing

  41. Neural tube defects Spina Bifida Anencephaly

  42. Folacin Only known way to prevent these congenital malformations is adequate folacin intake prior to pregnancy Adequate folic acid intake can reduce the risk of NTD by up to 75%

  43. FolateSources Fortified Grains Leafy Green Vegetables Legumes, Seeds Liver

  44. Recommendations (1998 Adequate Intake) • Adults: 400 g/day • Upper level for adults: 1000 g/day

  45. Cobalamine- B12 • Vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of new cells, maintains nerve cells, reforms folate coenzymes, and helps break down some fatty acids and amino acids. .

  46. Causes of deficiency • Insufficient dietary intake • Mal absorption • Dysfunction of organs • Inflammations

  47. Vitamin B12 Deficiency and Toxicity • Deficiency Symptoms • Anemia – large cell type (same as Folate) • Fatigue and depression • Degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis (irreversible)

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