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Biotechnology Systems

Biotechnology Systems. Lesson: Exploring Biotechnology and Its History A1-1 Part One followed by Part Two. Anticipated Problem. 1. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture?. Terms. anaerobic biology biotechnology deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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Biotechnology Systems

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  1. Biotechnology Systems Lesson: Exploring Biotechnology and Its History A1-1 Part One followed by Part Two

  2. Anticipated Problem 1. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture?

  3. Terms anaerobic biology biotechnology deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fermentation gene pool genetic engineering (GE) hybrids

  4. Terms • plasmid • recombinant DNA (rDNA) • restriction enzyme • selective breeding • sterile • target gene • technology • transgenic organism

  5. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? Biotechnology comes from the words: • “biology” - the study of living organisms • “technology” - the use of tools and crafts to adapt or control one’s environment

  6. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • Biotechnology is the study and manipulation of living things to solve problems or make useful products.

  7. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • Thousands of years ago, the Aztec Indians used biotechnology: • Inventing corn, or maize • Crossed/hybridized a grass named tiachintae • Products of fermentation (bread, wine, beer)

  8. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • Fermentation is a process by which one-celled microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeast, when grown in • anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions, break down sugars for energy

  9. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • Selective breeding, choosing certain animals or plants with desirable traits to mate or to cross pollinate. • Allowed early farmers to produce stronger generations of offspring • Time consuming, not always resulting in desired characteristics.

  10. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • Traditionally the farmer… • Manipulated the genetic makeup of an animal or plant • Looked at the animal or plant organism as a whole • Continued selective breeding and hybrid practices

  11. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • Hybrids are crosses between two homozygous or sometimes true-breeding organisms of different varieties. • The gene pool, all the genes in a population of plants or animals, is limited in traditional breeding.

  12. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • Often hybrids resulted in sterile offspring, such as seedless watermelons or seedless bananas. • Sterile means an organism is incapable of producing seeds and therefore cannot reproduce.

  13. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • Modern biotechnology, since the 1970s, centers on the common hereditary material found in all cells, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

  14. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • Instead of working with whole organisms, scientists work at the molecular level of cells for research and development of products from plants and animals.

  15. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • Genetic engineering (GE) or recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, discovered by Cohen and Boyer in 1970, allows scientists to “cut” DNA from one organism and “paste” it into another.

  16. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • Scientists can find a target gene, a segment of DNA that codes for a desirable trait, and cut out that segment of DNA with molecular scissors called a restriction enzyme.

  17. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • The target piece of DNA can then be pasted into a plasmid, a circular piece of DNA used as a vector to move the target piece of DNA from one organism to another. • Results in transgenic organism

  18. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • A transgenic organism is one that contains foreign DNA and expresses a new trait or enhanced characteristic. • It is sometimes simply called a transgenic.

  19. What is biotechnology, and what has been its historical impact on agriculture? • The goals of GE or rDNA are still similar to traditional agricultural goals: • Better efficiency for growth • Better yield • Tastiness • Improved appearance • Resistance to disease • Ease of growing • Extension of growing seasons

  20. Review – Part 1 What are the advantages and disadvantages of selective breeding? Who discovered genetic engineering (or recombinant DNA)? And in what year was it discovered? How are the goals of GE or rDNA similar to traditional agricultural goals? Proceed to Part 2

  21. Sometimes biotechnology isn’t used to enhance plants for production purposes. Sometimes it’s used for other purposes! Biotech Transgenic Organism Assignment There are Glo-Pigs, Glo-Cats, and Glo-Fish. Research these organisms. What organism are they using for the original glow gene, and why have they put the glo gene in? What is the effect of the glo gene on the animal and the environmental concerns?

  22. Biotechnology Systems Lesson: Exploring Biotechnology and Its History A1-1 Part Two

  23. Anticipated Problems 2. What have been the major innovations in the development of biotechnology? 3. What are the historical milestones in the advancement of biotechnology in agriculture?

  24. Terms patent polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

  25. What have been the major innovations in the development of biotechnology? • The major innovations in the development of biotechnology can be placed into one of three time periods: • 1600–1900: Before DNA • 1900–1970: DNA Science • 1970– Present: Recombinant DNA Technology and Beyond (molecular biotechnology revolution)

  26. 1600–1900: Before DNA • The term “cells” coined: 1600 (Hooke) • First microorganisms were observed: 1600 (Van Leeuwenhoek) • Inheritance of traits: 1850 (Mendel) • Scientific basis for fermentation: 1857 (Pasteur) • Nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in bandages: 1869 (Miescher)

  27. 1900–1970: DNA Science • Discovered that genes were on chromosomes through fruit flies: 1910 (Morgan) • Proved that genetic material could be moved from one strain of bacteria to another using mice: 1928 (Griffith) • Isolated penicillin from a fungus: 1928 (Fleming)

  28. 1900–1970: DNA Science • Structure of DNA discovered 1953 (Watson & Crick) • Genetic engineering techniques through discoveries of plasmid DNA (in 1953) and bacterial restriction enzymes (in 1962)

  29. 1900–1970: DNA Science • Mechanism of gene expression through messenger RNA: 1961 (Gilbert) • The genetic code that linked DNA to the making of proteins was figured out by Khorana and Nirenberg in 1966.

  30. 1970–present: Recombinant DNA Technology & Beyond • After 1970 a molecular biotechnology explosion occurred. • Techniques of recombinant DNA took form • Beginning of genetic engineering • Invention of new tools in the laboratory

  31. 1970–present: Recombinant DNA Technology & Beyond • Genetic engineering uses techniques that allow scientists to move genes of interest artificially between different organisms.

  32. 1970–present: Recombinant DNA Technology & Beyond • Some highlights of this period include: • 1970: First transformation of the bacterium Escherichia coli • 1972: cloning experiments • 1977: sequence DNA • 1978: DNA fingerprint • 1978: First baby born by invitro fertilization

  33. 1970–present: Recombinant DNA Technology & Beyond

  34. 1970–present: Recombinant DNA Technology & Beyond • Some highlights of this period include: • 1980 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that genetically altered life forms can be patented. A patent gives ownership to an organism for a limited time. • 1983: polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was inventedto amplify DNA in the laboratory.

  35. 1970–present: Recombinant DNA Technology & Beyond • Some highlights of this period include: • 1980’s: Bioengineered food testing • 1997: monoclonal antibody (MAb) technology • 1997: yeast artificial chromosomes • 1996: RNA interference (RNAi) • 1999: automated DNA sequencer • 2002: riboswitch

  36. Historical milestones of the advancement of biotechnology in agriculture • The advent of recombinant DNA technology in 1970 opened the door for ways to move target sequences of DNA between organisms.

  37. Historical milestones of the advancement of biotechnology in agriculture • Several companies led the way in producing products that involved this genetic engineering to improve organisms and solve world problems. • Research first concentrated on ways to get genes moved from one organism to another.

  38. Historical milestones of the advancement of biotechnology in agriculture • Later many of these transgenic plants and animals were designed to accomplish the goals of: • Putting natural pesticides into plants • Improving insect resistance for crops • Attaching vaccines to plants • Making designer drugs • Using microbes and plants to make new fuels • Increasing the nutritional value of our food production

  39. In the 1980’s • Huge advances in biotechnology spurred by the patenting of genetically engineered (GE) plants and organisms. • We saw the benefits for the farmer as the first GE crops came to market to improve crop yield. • The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) also set guidelines for transgenic crops.

  40. In the 1980’s • 1980 Ti plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens was used to make transgenic plants. • 1982 Super mouse was created at the University of Pennsylvania by inserting human growth hormones into mouse DNA. • 1983 The United States granted patents to genetically engineered plants.

  41. In the 1990’s • The first wave of GE crops benefited farmers by introducing GE traits such as pest resistance. • Animal GE became more prevalent, and cloning successes were published.

  42. In the Decade Beginning 2000 • The next wave of GE crops has been focused on improvements in food quality and safety. • The new millennium ushered in advancements in biotechnology, with the hope to improve health and address world hunger. • However, the increased public awareness of GE foods in the market has created additional concerns for the biotech industry.

  43. Review – Part 2 What are the three time periods that major innovations in the development of biotechnology are separated? When did the molecular biotechnology explosion occur? What government agency set guidelines for transgenic crops?

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