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Assessment of a Gas Quality Survey for Interchangeability

Assessment of a Gas Quality Survey for Interchangeability. David Rue, William Liss Gas Technology Institute Algonquin Gas Pipeline Northeast Stakeholders Group June 15, 2006. Average Natural Gas Composition -- Twenty Six US Cities. Source: Gas Technology Institute.

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Assessment of a Gas Quality Survey for Interchangeability

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  1. Assessment of a Gas Quality Survey for Interchangeability David Rue, William Liss Gas Technology Institute Algonquin Gas Pipeline Northeast Stakeholders Group June 15, 2006

  2. Average Natural Gas Composition -- Twenty Six US Cities Source: Gas Technology Institute Regional Natural Gas Composition Variations Exist

  3. Natural Gas and LNG Adjust gases are typical U.S. natural gases at city gates (GRI, 1992)

  4. LNG Adjustment Methods

  5. Approaches to Interchangeability Prediction – Focus on Appliances • Single index (Wobbe, modified Wobbe, etc.) • Incapable of describing all possible situations • Multiple indices (AGA, Weaver, etc.) • Specific to burner type • Do not account for all fuel gases or emissions • Most common U.S. approach • Diagrams • Do not account for all fuel gases or emissions • Attempt to combine Wobbe index with composition parameters • Many variations and not universally accepted • Often used in Europe

  6. Wobbe Number • Generally accepted as the best SINGLE index to determine interchangeability • For natural gas – alkanes – heat input through an orifice (Btu/h) at constant pressure is • proportional to heating value and • inversely proportional to the square root of specific gravity • Wobbe Number does not fully address interchangeability because changes in flame characteristics are not addressed W = HHV / (sp. gr.)0.5

  7. Interchangeability is Defined As - The ability to substitute one gaseous fuel for another in a combustion application without materially changing operational safety or performance and without materially increasing air pollutant emissions Source – NGC+ Working Group on Interchangeability White Paper presented to FERC, Feb. 2005

  8. Possible Combustion Problems With High BTU Gas

  9. Interchangeability For AppliancesThe American Experience • AGA and USBM indices set limits for appliance fuel interchangeability • ANSI codes are not specific for interchangeability • Interchangeability studies have been made by GTI, IGT, A.D. Little, SoCalGas, and others • No appliance failed AGA Index or ANSI limits with LNGs • CO is most sensitive measure of performance • Some appliances have high CO with ‘hot’ LNGs • Indices developed for older appliances do not always predict behavior of new, high-efficiency appliances

  10. Effects of Fuel Changes: Appliances and Industrial Burners • Different appliance burners show changes in performance • No burner exhibited a failure case of flame lifting, excessive yellow tipping, or high CO emissions • Important performance characteristics are different for industrial burners than for residential appliances • Industrial burners are monitored more closely but operated at more demanding conditions Source: Gas Technology Institute

  11. Effects of Fuel Changes:Appliances and Industrial Burners • Industrial burners can be categorized • Some burner types, like appliances, are relatively unaffected by changing fuel • Burners sensitive to changing fuel include: • Burners for which flame temperature changes strongly impact the process • Burners in high temperature processes or where emissions are tightly regulated • Burners operating close to stability limits • Only sensitive burner types need to be evaluated for gas interchangeability

  12. Industrial Burners – Interchangeability Concerns • Unlike appliances, industrial burners are complex, highly engineered, and operate under precisely controlled conditions • Changing fuel can affect industrial burners • Performance • Flame length, temperature, flame shape, mixing patterns, etc. • Safety • Stability, operating range, air/fuel ratio, etc. • Meeting regulations • Emissions of NOx, CO, etc. • Wobbe is still best index of interchangeability

  13. What Needs to be Learned?

  14. Work Scope • Receipt of – • Survey of northeast industrial gas customers by SIC (or NAICS) code, engines, turbines • Current natural gas and expected LNG ranges • Identification of industrial burners used by specific industrial customers – largest combustion uses • Itemizing of engines and turbines by manufacturer, model, type, and quantity • Ranking of burners, engines, and turbines into categories – considering gas composition ranges • Explanations provided of interchangeability reasons for placement of combustion systems into categories

  15. Ranking Criteria • Burners and processes not expected to have any operational, performance, or emissions concerns over the full range of specified fuel gas compositions • Burners and processes that may have some concerns over the specified fuel gas range and may eventually need to be looked at more closely. These include • those considered to be of some concern, but likely will handle the charges in gas composition with no difficulties • those for which insufficient information is available and may need to be studied before making a judgment • Burners and processes with operations, performance, or emissions concerns over at least part of the range of gas compositions. Further study would be advised for these systems before introducing a new fuel gas such as LNG.

  16. Deliverable – Final Report • Summary overview of industrial burners, engines, and turbines identified in survey • Number and type listed where possible • Burner types summarized by SIC codes • Analysis of burners, engines, and turbines • General comments on impacts of proposed gas ranges on listed combustion systems • Ranked in three classes based on changing gas • Little or no impact expected • Some impact expected or too little information available to decide about impacts • Impacts expected and more detailed study of combustion systems recommended

  17. Cost and Schedule • Cost • Project cost - $69,000 • Includes initial and final trips to meet with sponsors • Schedule • Work planned from June 15, 2006 through August 15, 2006 • GTI will start work immediately with partial survey results • Work completion is dependent on completed Northeast Stakeholders Group surveys • Work can be slowed if all survey results are not available

  18. Classification of Industrial Burners

  19. Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry

  20. Diffusion Mixed Non-Staged Air Staged Fuel Staged Partial Pre-mixed Non-Staged Air Staged Pre-Mixed Non-Staged Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry GTI Proprietary & Confidential

  21. Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry • Gas • Liquid • Solid • Dual

  22. Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry • Air • Oxygen • Oxygen Enriched Air • Preheated Air

  23. Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry • Forced Draft • Natural Draft • Inspirated • Aspirated

  24. Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry • Direct • Indirect

  25. Classification Criteria • Mixing Type • Fuel Type • Oxidizer Type • Draft Type • Heating Type • Burner Geometry • Round Nozzle • Rectangular Nozzle • Swirl

  26. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners

  27. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Radiant Wall • Thermal Radiation • Radiant Tube

  28. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Radiant Wall • Natural Draft • Forced Draft • Pre-mixed • Non-Premixed • Thermal Radiation • Radiant Tube

  29. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Radiant Wall • Thermal Radiation • Porous Ceramic • Ported Ceramic • Fiber Metal • Flame Impingement • Catalytic • Perforated Ceramic • Porous Refractory • Wire Mesh • Radiant Tube

  30. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Radiant Wall • Thermal Radiation • Radiant Tube • Non-Circulating • Recirculating • Forced Draft • Inspirating

  31. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Pre-mixed • Diffusion Mixed • Partially Pre-mixed • Air Staged

  32. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • One Box • Two Box • Rotary / Heat Wheel • Radiant Tube

  33. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Round Flame • Wall Fired Flat Flame • Radiant Wall • Flat Flame

  34. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Low NOx • Ultra Low NOx • Conventional

  35. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Low NOx • External Flue Gas Recirculation (EFGR) • Air Staged • Fuel Staged • Fuel Induced Recirculation • Ultra Low NOx • Conventional

  36. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Low NOx • Ultra Low NOx • Pre-mixed • Partially Premixed • Rapid Mix • Internal Flue Gas Recirculation • Conventional

  37. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Low NOx • Ultra Low NOx • Conventional • Swirl • Register

  38. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Duct • Linear Grid • Grid • Make-up Air

  39. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Air-Oxy Fuel • Concentric Pipe • Multiple Nozzle • Flat Flame • Staged • Oxy-Fuel • Polishing • Forehearth

  40. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Single Point • Non Assisted • Simple Steam Assisted • Advanced Steam Assisted • Low Pressure Air Assisted • Multi-point • Enclosed

  41. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Single Point • Multi-point • Non Assisted • Simple Steam Assisted • Advanced Steam Assisted • Low Pressure Air Assisted • Enclosed

  42. Burner Types • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Single Point • Multi-point • Enclosed • Non Assisted • Simple Steam Assisted • Advanced Steam Assisted • Low Pressure Air Assisted

  43. Burner Applications • Thermal Radiation • Drying • Plastic thermoforming • Paint curing • Radiant Tube • Indirect heating • Radiant Wall • Process Industry • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners

  44. Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Metals Industry • Ceramic/Glass Industry

  45. Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Zinc Distillation • Metals Industry • Glass Industry

  46. Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Chemical and Hydrocarbon Process Industries

  47. Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Steam Generation • Water Heating • Space Heating

  48. Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Space Heating • Turbine Exhaust • Uniform Spread Heating

  49. Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Metal Heating • Metal Melting • Glass Melting • Mineral Calcining

  50. Burner Applications • Radiant Burners • High Velocity Burners • Regenerative Burners • Natural Draft Burners • Boiler Burners • Linear Grid / In-Duct Burners • Oxygen Enhanced / Oxy-Fuel Burners • Flare Burners • Petrochemical Industries

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