Deliberate Training with Purposeful and Deliberate Practice:

1. Deliberate Training with Purposeful and Deliberate Practice: Anders Ericsson’s and Robert Pool’s PEAK by K. Anders EricssonDepartment of PsychologyFlorida State UniversityTallahassee, Florida Keynote at Sport Expertise Seminar hosted by the Academic College at Wingate and the Elite Sport Department and Olympic Committee, Israel on December 14th, 2016

2. Three Approaches 1. Searching for and finding one’s gifts (Hidden in one’s DNA) I have come to think children are like flowers. We plant the seeds. We water them, nourish them and set them in the sunshine. We protect them from the elements as best we can. One day they bud, and when the bud finally opens, we see that one is a rose, one a tulip, one an iris, each bringing its own beauty to the landscape. Shana Aucsmithhttp://blogs.rj.org/blog/2012/06/05/this-i-believe/

3. 1. Searching for one’s gifts (Hidden in one’s DNA) Increases in Height during Childhood and Adolescence but no changes in Adulthood Height “Most outstanding musicians are discovered at an early age, usually before 6 and often as early as 2 or 3, even in households where relatively little music is heard … training seems to have comparatively little effect in reducing these differences” (Howard Gardner, 1973, p. 188)

4. Searching for one’s gifts (Hidden in one’s DNA) Height Father and Son Cal Ripkin Sr. & Jr.

5. Three Approaches 1. Searching for and finding one’s gifts (Hidden in one’s DNA) 2. Pursuing one’s dreams Future

6. “Whether you think you can, or you think you can't--you're right.” attributed toHenry Ford "We are making use of only a small part of our possible mental and physical resources.“ William James, Energies of man Some people have suggested that adults only use 10% of their brain.

7. Continued experience is not enough ___________________ Amateurs General training is not enough Crosswords, brain training

8. Superior ObjectivePerformance Chess winning chess games Psychotherapy superior ability to increase mental patients’ health (post-pre) Teaching superior ability to increase students’ performance (post - pre)

9. Minimal Effects of Traditional Indicators of Expertise Long education Extended experience as a professional Teaching Psychotherapy

10. Perceptual Performance on Cardiac Auscultation as a Function of Years of Experience General Practitioners Limited Feedback Performance Student 0-9 years 10-20 years Over 20 years Instruction and Experience Reviews (Choudhry, Fletcher, & Soumerai, 2005; Ericsson, 2004; Ericsson, Whyte, & Ward, 2007) Based on Butterworth & Reppert (1960)

11. Three Approaches 1. Searching for and finding one’s gifts (Hidden in one’s DNA) 2. Pursuing one’s dreams Future 3. Studying Expert Performers to identify how they attained their superior level of achievement

12. Changes in Attained Level of Performance Within Participant Changes—No Changes in DNA Elite Sub-Elite Amateurs

13. Changes in Attained Level of Performance Studying HOW it developed Elite Sub-Elite Amateurs

14. How Can We Explain Plateus? Physical Attributes that cannot be changed by training Height and length of bones Assumed Analogy to Brain Intelligence (Definition from Merriam-Webster Dictionary) the ability to learn or understand things or to deal with new or difficult situations Memory ability (Definition from Merriam-Webster Dictionary) the power or process of remembering what has been learned

15. Outline for my Presentation • The Start: Questioning Fixed Innate • Limits of General Capacity • II. Identifying the Structure of • Superior Expert Performance • III. The Central Role of • Acquired Mental Representations • IV. Concluding Thoughts

16. The Start: Questioning Fixed Innate Limits of General Capacity (From Sweden to USA) Can short-term memory be increased by practice and experience? Reading list of digits for immediate recall

17. Average Adults with Some Experience with Numbers Normal  4710230

18. Exceptional Memory for Numbers World’s best Math professors Memory experts Normal  4710230 13142238514689828675

19. Can an adult improve his/her digit span?

20. Math experts Normal

23. The Complex Mechanisms Involved in General Process --Increasing capacity

24. Mental Representations Involved in

25. Mental Representations Involved in • Confirmed by training studies • Confirmed by fMRI:s

26. Purposeful Practice Activities Expert Performance Purposeful Practice Amount of purposeful practice Purposeful practice Identify goal and training activity Adjust difficulty level Immediate feedback and reflection

27. No Transfer to Other Materials No Shortcuts to Memory Skill

28. Memory for briefly presented chess positions

29. Memory for briefly presented chess positions Regular positions Random positions

30. Mental Representation Playing without a visible chess board Alekhine beat most of the 30 skilled players while playing them simultaneously under blindfold conditions

31. Acquired Mental Representations for Analyzing Situations (Ward & Williams, 2003) (Nevett & French, 1997) (Tuffiash, Roring, & Ericsson, 2007) chess wikipedia

32. Specific Physiological Adaptations to Intense Training: Running

33. Changes observed in most amateur athletes Reduced Oxygen in Blood  Growth of Capillaries

35. Size of the Heart and Endurance Training Heart of champion cyclist Heart of untrained man of same age (H. Rendell)

36. Changes in the Heart (A. Pelliccia et al., 2002, Circulation, 105, 944-9) Size of left ventricle Thickness of the wall

37. Virtually All Bodily Organs Adapt to Intense Training: Kayaking

38. Sudden realization of ability or the results of extended training? Fu Bingli, a kung fu master from China

39. After about 10 years training Fu Bingli, a kung fu master from China

40. Virtually any aspect of the body and the brain that mediate performance can be changed by practice—except height and body size 5 feet 5 feet 6 feet 3 in. 9 in. 2 in

41. II. Identifying the Structure of Superior Expert Performance

42. A reliable chess rating requires cirka 40 tournament matches of 3-4 hours each Total of 120-160 hours or over 1,500 moves Exceptional chess performance

43. Exceptional chess performance

44. Exceptional chess performance

45. Illustration of r=0.8 (van der Maas et al., 2005) Exceptional chess performance

46. Exceptional Climbing performance Exceptional chess performance

47. Expert Soccer Performance Exceptional chess performance Successful pass completion during match

48. Show Video Clips & • Blank Screen • Generate Best Opportunity for Ball Carrier • Recall of the Position of the Most Important Players Expert Soccer Performance Exceptional chess performance Successful pass completion during match

49. Exceptional piano performance Exceptional chess performance

50. Exceptional piano performance Exceptional chess performance