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Is not this, the carpenter's son? Is not his mother called Mary ? And are not his brothers 

Is not this, the carpenter's son? Is not his mother called Mary ? And are not his brothers  James and Joseph and Simon and Judas? And his sisters, are they not all with us? (Matthew 13:55) Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon,

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Is not this, the carpenter's son? Is not his mother called Mary ? And are not his brothers 

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  1. Is not this, the carpenter's son? • Is not his mother called Mary ? • And are not his brothers  • James and Joseph and Simon and Judas? • And his sisters, are they not all with us? (Matthew 13:55) • Is not this the carpenter, • the sonof Mary • and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon, • and are not his sisters here with us? (Mark 6:3)

  2. His brothers  James and Joseph and Simon and Judas And his sisters,

  3. Mat 27:55-56 And many women were there beholding afar off, which followed Jesus from Galilee, ministering unto him: • Among which was Mary Magdalene, • and Mary the mother of James and Joses, • and the mother of Zebedee's children. • Mar 15:40 There were also women looking on afar off: • among whom was Mary Magdalene, • and Mary the mother of James the less and of Joses, • and Salome;

  4. Now the Jews' feast of tabernacles was at hand. His brethren therefore said unto him, Depart hence, and go into Judaea, that thy disciples also may see the works that thou doest. For there is no man that doeth any thing in secret, and he himself seeketh to be known openly. If thou do these things, shew thyself to the world. For neither did his brethren believe in him. (Joh 7:2-5) Act 1:14 These all continued with one accord in prayer and supplication, with the women, and Mary the mother of Jesus, and with his brethren.

  5. Helvidian after Helvidius, AD 380 Epiphanian after Epiphanius of Salamis, AD 315-403 Hieronymian after Jerome, AD 347-420

  6. THREE BASIC THEORIES • Helvidian (after Helvidius, who wrote c AD. 380); • Epiphanian (after Epiphanius ofSalamis, 315-403; wrote c AD 382); • Hieronymian (after Jerome, 347-419/20wrote c AD 383)

  7. 1. HELVIDIAN THEORY • named after the fourth-century Roman theologian Helvidius (A.D. 383), who strongly opposed Jerome and thegrowing exaltation of virginity in the church. • Helvidius believed thatthe brothers and sisters of]esus mentioned in the New Testament werefull-blood siblings ofJesus, born to Joseph and Mary following the virginbirth ofJesus. • The Helvidian understanding has become the position ofalmost all Protestant churches.

  8. when God sent His Son into the world, He placed Him into a human family with a father, a mother, and with brothers and sisters.

  9. After the birth of Jesus Joseph knew Maryand Jesus did have younger siblings.

  10. THE DIRECT READING OF BIBLE PROVES THIS • " With reference to the physical brothers of Jesus (i.e., the sons of Joseph and Mary conceived after the birth of Christ), • the literal sense is clearly in view in the following passages: • Matthew 12:46-48 (the parallel in Mark 3:31-32); Matthew 13:55-56 (the parallel in Mark 6:3; in both passages, “sister” also is used in the literal sense); John 2:12; John 7:3,5,10; Acts 1:14; and Galatians 1:19. • Even a casual reading of these versesdemonstrates that Jesus had literal, physical brothers."

  11. Jesus’s brothers are clearly distinguished From the apostles and they are associated with Mary. • Then they returned to Jerusalem fromthe mount called Olivet . . . When they had entered the city, theywent to the room upstairs where they were staying, Peter, andJohn, and James, and Andrew, Philip and Thomas, Bartholomewand Matthew, James son of Alphaeus, and Simon the Zealot, andJudas son of James. All these were constantly devoting themselvesto prayer, together with certain women, including Mary the motherofJesus, as well as his brothers. (Acts 1:12-14)

  12. Here is a summary of the evidence: • The authors of the New Testament, including Paul, Mark, Matthew, Luke, and John, each tell us that Jesus had brothers. None of these five authors hints that what they mean by adelphoi is anything other than the most natural meaning, i.e., that the brothers are the children of Mary and Joseph, and are therefore biologically the half-brothers of Jesus but legally his full brothers. • Writing independently of the New Testament, Josephus also calls James "the brother of Jesus," without qualification. • Hegesippus also refers to "the Lord's brother according to the flesh," which indicates in the strongest terms that Jesus and his brothers were related by blood. Also, he distinguishes between brothers and cousins. Tertullian certainly taught that the brothers were the children of Mary and Joseph.

  13. Helvidius seems to have made five main points. • l. He argued that Matthew 1:18, 25 imply that, subsequent to the birth ofJesus, Joseph and Mary had other children. That Mary was found to bepregnant through the action of the Holy Spirit “before they [Joseph andMary] came together” was taken by Helvidius to mean that subsequentlythey came together. The assertion that Joseph did not “know” Mary“until she bore a son” was taken to mean that he did come to “know her,”that is, have sexual intercourse with her, subsequently • 2. He appealed to Luke 2:7, which refers to Jesus as Mary’s “firstbom son,”arguing that it implied subsequent children.

  14. 3. He listed the various passages in which the evangelists mention and sometimes name the brothers and sisters ofJesus 4. He appealed to older Western tradition in whichthe brothers and sisters of Jesus had been mentioned in a way consistentwith his views and specified Tertullian and Victorinus of Pettau. 5. He argued that it was no dishonor that Mary was a real wife to Joseph since all the patriarchs had been married men and that child bearing was a participation in the divine creativity

  15. Augsburg Fortress, the official publishing house of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America,John J. Rousseau and Rami Arav present the following diagram

  16. “…so he [Ananus, the high-priest] convened the judges of the Sanhedrin and brought before them a man named James, the brother of Jesus who was called the Christ, and certain others. He accused them of having transgressed the law and delivered them up to be stoned.” –Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, c. 100 A.D.

  17. Judas Didymus But the Lord said to him: I am not Judas, which is also called Thomas, but I am his brother.” –the Acts of Thomas.

  18. 2. EPIPHANIAN THEORY became the official explanation of the Eastern Orthodox Church Epiphanius of Salamis was bishop of Salamis, Cyprus at the end of the 4th century. He is considered a saint and a Church Father by both the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches. He gained a reputation as a strong defender of orthodoxy. AD 310 -403 The Roman empress Honoria was his sister. He was of Jewish descent.

  19. Jesus’s brothers were actually his cousins "The 'Brethren of the Lord'" in A Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture

  20. James Tabor'

  21. The apocryphal Nag Hammadi codex written 5th C AD "The First Revelation of James" states: Jesus speaking to James "I called you my brother, though you are not physically my brother."

  22. The History of Joseph the Carpenter • Historia Josephi Fabri Lignari is a compilation of traditions concerning Mary, mother of Jesus and the "holy family," probably composed in Byzantine Egypt in Greek in the late 6th or early 7th century, but surviving only in Arabic language translation. • The text gives support to the doctrine of perpetual virginity of Mary. • His oldest sons (Justus and Simon) got married and have children, and likewise his two daughters get married and live in their own houses.

  23. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1:499, 500 • “…the liturgy of the Church celebrates Mary as… the “Ever-virgin” …the objection is sometimes raised that the Bible mentions brothers and sisters of Jesus… these passages [are] not referring to other children of the Virgin Mary. In fact James and Joseph, ‘brothers of Jesus,’ are the sons of another Mary, a disciple of Christ, whom St. Matthew significantly calls ‘the other Mary.’” .

  24. 3. HIERONYMIAN THEORY Jesus’s brothers were actually his stepbrothers, children ofJoseph from aprior marriage

  25. Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus known as Saint Jerome (c.AD  347 – 420) was an Illyrian Latin Christian priest, confessor, theologian and historian, who also became a Doctor of the Church. He is best known for his translation of most of the Bible into Latin (the translation that became known as the Vulgate), and his commentaries on the Gospels.

  26. "When forty years of age, Joseph married a woman called Melcha or Escha by some, Salome by others. They lived 49 years together and had six children, two daughters and four sons, the youngest of whom was James (the Less, "the Lord’s brother"). A year after his wife’s death, as the priests announced through Judea that they wished to find in the tribe of Judah a respectable man to espouse Mary, then 12 to 14 years of age. Joseph, who was at the time 90 years old, went up to Jerusalem among the candidates." Catholic Encyclopaedia

  27. According to the Epiphanian position, those described as brothers and sisters of Jesus were children of Joseph by a first marriage, prior to hisbetrothal to Mary. Thus they were not directly related toJesus or Mary, and Mary remained a virgin after the birth of Jesus. Early advocacy of this viewis to be found in the Gospel ofPeter. Average life expectancy for a man was about forty years at that time. The average age of men buried at Qumran was thirty-six or thirty-seven years. ?

  28. STEP BROTHERS AND SISTERS OF CHRIST Melcha JOSEPH MARY James Joses Simon Judas Salome Mary JESUS JAMES bishop of Jerusalem Martyred 62 AD

  29. COUSINS OF JESUS ON MOTHER'S SIIDE

  30. “brother” to mean “cousin.” • adelphos = A + delphos = Same womb The Hebrew term for brother (‘ach) encompasses cousins and relations Even today in Arabic we use Achwan = brother to mean cousins and friends “ ‘Brothers’ (adelphoi) never means ‘cousins’ in New Testament Greek” Greek language had a separate and distinct word for “cousins” —anepsioi (e.g., Colossians 4:10). When referring to Jesus’ brothers, the expression “his brothers” occurs nine times in the Gospel accounts and once in Acts. In every instance (except in John 7:3,5,10), the brothers are mentioned in immediate connection with His mother, Mary. No linguistic indication whatsoever is present in the text for inferring that “His brothers” is to be understood in any less literal sense than “His mother”

  31. Josephus (First-centuryJewish historian)—“The Sanhedrin ofjudges . . . brought before them the brother of jesus, who was called Christ,whose name was James . . .” (Antiquities of the Jews 20.9.1) • Eusebius (Bishop of Caesarea, ca. 265-339)—“Then there was James, who was called the Lord ’s brother; for he, too, was namedJoseph's son . . . This James, whom the people of old called ‘the Just’because of his outstanding virtue, was the first, as the records tellus, to be elected to the Episcopal throne of the Jerusalem Church.”(The History ofthe Church 2.1.2) • Clement of Alexandria (Christian philosopher, ca. 150-215)- “Control of the Church passed together with the apostles, to thebrother of the Lord, James, whom everyone from the Lord’s time tillour own has named ‘the Just’ . . .” [cited in Eusebius, The History of the Church 2.23.3] James wasa Full-blood brother of Jesus.

  32. “The Legacy of the Jewish Freedom Fighters in the Ancestors of Jesus the Nazaene”

  33. GOD the Father HUMAN FLESH through MARY JESUS the Son of God Second Adam

  34. BREATH OF GOD FLESH OF ADAM SECOND ADAM ; NEW CREATION MAN

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