Environmental Concerns and Disease Transmission

1. Book Overview Read Chapt. 1 Do Hwk#1 P.25-26 3,4,5,7,10-12,14,17-18,28-29) From Each Chapter –Term Project -Choose one website question- Create Formula Sheet -No definitions or sample problems/examples -No quiz or previous exam questions/notes -Formulas in Sample Problems & Chapters -Figures in Chapter

2. COURSE OVERVIEW WATER HYDRAULICS, HYDROLOGY, WATERQUALITY, WATER POLLUTION, DRINKING WATER PURIFICATION, STORMWATER, WASTEWATER TREATMENT SOLIDS SANITARY SEWER SYSTEMS MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT AIR AIR POLLUTION AND CONTROL NOISE NOISE POLLUTION AND CONTROL

3. MAN –MADE MATERIALS THAT ENTER A HOME • HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS (DETERGENTS, CLOTHES, FOODS, ETC.) • POTABLE WATER(CITY OR WELL WATER) • ENERGY (GAS,OIL, AND ELECTRICITY) • (ASBESTOS/LEADS/ETC.) NATURAL ELEMENTS THAT ENTER A HOME RODENTS, INSECT, HUMANS, STORMWATER, AIR, ETC.

4. MAN –MADE MATERIALS THAT EXIT A HOME • SOLID WASTE/POLLUTANTS (LANDFILL) • SEWAGE AND SEPTIC SYSTEMS • CARBON MONOXIDE, OIL POLLUTANTS NATURAL ELEMENTS THAT EXIT A HOME • COMMUNICABLE DISEASES • STORM DRAINAGE

5. MAN –MADE MATERIALS THAT ENTER COMMERCIAL FACTORY • RAW MATERIALS (METALS, PLASTIC, RUBBER, ETC.) • ENERGY (GAS,OIL, ETC.) • EQUIPMENT • (TRUCKS, GENERATORS, ETC)

6. MAN –MADE MATERIALS THAT EXIT COMMERCIAL FACTORY • AIR POLLUTION • NOISE POLLUTION • SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE • (BY PRODUCTS -I.E. SILICA FUMES, SOLVENTS- VINYL CHLORIDES, ETC. )

7. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS RELATED TO AUTOMOBILES • CATALYTIC CONVERTERS • (NITROUS OXIDE-global warming) • CARBON MONOXIDE • MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether) • reduces CO and increase Octane • Carcinogen in groundwater • Rubber Tires are a solid waste

8. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AIR WATER LAND Acid Rain

9. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES -PATHOGENS microscopic organism that cause diseases DIRECT TRANSMISSION (i.e poor hygiene) Vector-Borne Insects and Animals Vehicle Borne Water,Food, Milk Air Borne Dust/Aerosol Human Contact

10. Communicable Disease .vs. Noninfectious Disease • Infectious Disease[communicable] -person to person transmitted (refer to text pp. 7) • Water and Food Borne • Typhoid Fever, dysentery, cholera, infectious hepatitis, and gastroenteritis • epidemic- # of occurrences are above normal • endemic - habitually present • Insect and Animal Borne • Malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis • Rabies, typhus, and bubonic plague

11. Communicable Disease .vs. Noninfectious Disease • Noninfectious Disease (refer to text pp. 9) • Heavy Metals - Carcinogenic • Leads – Leads to blindness, kidney disease, mental retardation • (i.e. paint, gasoline, lead pipes, solder, and batteries) • Mercury –leads to blindness, paralysis, and death • (i.e. batteries, dry cells, light bulbs, etc) • Note: Micro-organisms can convert mercury into • organic mercury-containing substances • i.e. Methylmercury is digested by plankton(p.111), which then enters the food chain.

12. Non- infectious diseases (cont) • PCB (Polychlorinated biphenyl) • (i.e. electrical transformers fluid, coolants, paints,etc.) • DDT (pesticide) • Superfund Site – Love Canal • Niagara Falls, N.Y. - Waste chemical drums were buried and leaked causing cancer,birth defects, kidney disease, etc. • PCE (Perchloroethylene) commonly used in Dry Cleaners will eventually break down into Vinyl Chlorides (highly toxic material)

13. Question What category does the “Mad Cow” fall into?

14. AEROBIC .vs. ANAEROBIC Aerobic Decomposition – is decomposition in the presence of oxygen (i.e. microorganisms that need oxygen (aerobes) will decompose complex organic molecules. (odor is not a problem) Non-Aerobic Decomposition – is decomposition with the lack of oxygen (i.e. microorganisms that don’t need oxygen (anaerobes) will decompose complex organic molecules producing methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and volatile organic acids. (odor is a problem- putrefaction)

15. Soils • SOILS • GEOLOGY‑ORIGIN OF SOILS • PROPERTIES OF SOILS • ITS PARAMETER • ITS BEHAVIOR • OTHER ASPECTS • CONSTRUCTION APPLICATION OF SOILS - • ENVIRONMENTAL • GEOTECHNICAL • AGRICULTURAL • NOTE: MAIN FOCUS IS GEOENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS

16. INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY • STUDY OF OUTER ZONE OF EARTH • IT CONSIST OF • ROCKS • SOIL • WATER • DEFINITIONS • Rocks ‑minerals bonded by strong attractive forces • Soils ‑ are a particulate material due to the disintegration of Rock • ROCKS • ‑ IGNEOUS • - SEDIMENTARY • - METAMORPHIC

17. INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) DEFINITIONS: IGNEOUS‑ COOLING AND HARDENING OF MOLTEN ROCK CALLED MAGMA (I.E. GRANITES, BASALTS, RITYOLITES) ROCKS THAT ARE ACIDIC (NOT BASIC) I.E. GRANITES ARE GOOD FOR CONSTRUCTION SEDIMENTARY ‑ACCUMULATED DEPOSITS OF SOIL PARTICLES OR REMAINS OF CERTAIN ORGANISMS THAT HAVE HARDENED UNDER PRESSURE (I.E-LIMESTONE, SHALE, SANDSTONE,ETC) CAN BE RECOGNIZED BY THE LAYERED OR STRATIFIED APPEARANCE I.E. SHALE IS A HARDENING OF CLAYS AND SILTS (GOOD FOUNDATION MATERIAL)

18. INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) METAMORPHIC‑EXISTING ROCK CHANGES UNDER HEAT, PRESSURE, AND PLASTIC FLOW I.E. LIMESTONE TO MARBLE, SHALE TO SCFUST (IT BECOMES A FOLIATED ROCK(LAYERS)) WEATHERINGFOR EXAMPLE CHANGES A SCHIST TO A SILT‑SAND MIXTURE WITH MICA

19. INTRODUCTION OF GEOLOGY (CONT.) Important Soil Properties Effective Size – D10 Uniformity Coefficient – Well Graded .vs. Poorly Graded – SW .vs. SP Permeability/Porosity/Infiltration/Percolation (specifies sand filters for wastewater treatment)

20. Federal Regulatory Agencies • OSHA – (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) U.S. Dept. of Labor • Regulatory Agency with Standards covering: • Storage Handling of Volatile Substances • (i.e. Petroleum products) • Asbestos & Leads in Construction • Respiratory Protection,etc. USEPA– (Environmental Protection Agency) see www.epa.gov State Regulatory Agencies DEP/DEC– (Department of Environmental Protection/Conservation) (i.e. NYSDEC, NJDEP) NJEPA – for the state of New Jersey Note: There is a NYCDEP for the city of New York for local ordinances

21. Legislation that effects Construction • NEPA- National Environmental Policy Act • Requires That an Environmental Impact Study Be Performed Prior to Construction. • NEPA is the basic national charter for protection of the environment. It establishes policy, sets goals, and provides means for carrying out the policy. (1969) CWA-Clean Water Act (1970) CAA -Clean Air Act (1977) CERCLA or Superfund -Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980) OSHA-The Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970) RCRA -The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976) Note: The more stringent laws between the State and Federal statues governs the project.

22. Permits NPDES- National Pollution Discharge Elimination System Before a new wastewater treatment plant can be constructed, its proposed discharge must be authorized under a NJPDES permit. Standards Air Quality – Clean Air Act -CAA(1977) National Ambient Air Quality Standards for: Carbon Monoxide (CO) Lead (Pb) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Ozone Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) – from Auto Emissions Radon

23. Standards (cont) • Water Quality – Safe Drinking Water Act -SDWA • Regulates the quality of water we consume • Bacteria – Coliform Bacteria is an Indicator of Sanitary, Sewage, and Animal Waste • Viruses • Fungi • Hardness • Iron • Acid Rain – it drops the PH of water • (normal range 6-8.5)

24. Hazardous Communication Act- This law requires that employers provide information on hazardous chemicals to employees who may be exposed to such chemicals in their workplace. (Right-to-Know Program) • Worker Level • All containers must be inventoried and labeled • Material Safety and Data Sheet(MSDS) –Summarizes all chemicals and percentages • Community Level • All industries must inventory and disclose types and quantities annually of Hazardous Substance.