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Animal Organization and Homeostasis

Animal Organization and Homeostasis. Tissues. Specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function in the body Types Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous. Epithelial tissue. Covers surfaces and lines body cavities Mostly functions in protection

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Animal Organization and Homeostasis

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  1. Animal Organization and Homeostasis

  2. Tissues • Specialized cells of the same type that perform a common function in the body • Types • Epithelial • Connective • Muscular • Nervous

  3. Epithelial tissue • Covers surfaces and lines body cavities • Mostly functions in protection • Exposed to environment on 1 side, basement membrane on the other that anchors it to the connective tissue • Named according to shape of cell • Squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube) and columnar (column) • Stratified (layered), pseudosratified (looks layered)

  4. Glandular epithelial • Secretes a product • Exocrine • into a duct • Endocrine • into the blood stream

  5. Connective tissue • Most abundant • Each type has • specialized cells • Ground substance • Protein fibers • Types • Fibrous connective • (loose and dense) • Adipose • Cartilage • Bone • blood

  6. Fibrous connective tissue • Contain fibroblast cells within a gel matrix • Loose fibrous – support • Adipose – energy reservoir, insulation • Dense fibrous – found in tendons and ligaments, contains collagen fibers

  7. Supportive connective tissue • Cartilage – cells in chambers called lacunae surrounded by a gel like matrix • 3 types of cartilage (based on fibers in matrix) • Hyaline – most common, fine collagen fibers • Elastic - more flexible • Fibrocartilage – strong collagen fibers

  8. Bone • Hard matrix of inorganic salts around protein fibers • Compact bone – shaft of long bones • Cylindrical structures called osteons • Bone cells found within lacunae • Spongy bone – end of long bones • Contains bony bars and plates with space between • Built for strength

  9. Fluid Connective Tissues • Blood – formed elements and plasma • Hematopoiesis – production of blood cells, in red bone marrow • Transports nutrients and oxygen to tissue fluid, distribute heat and fluid, ion and pH balance • RBC’s – small, no nucleus, round • WBC – larger, have a nucleus, phagocytes, produce antibodies • Platelets – involved in blood clotting • Lymph – in lymph vessels, absorbs excess fluid

  10. Muscular tissue • Made of cells called muscle fibers • Actin – thin, myosin – thick • Movement and generation of heat • 3 types • Skeletal – voluntary, striated • Smooth – visceral, involuntary, no striations • Cardiac – muscles of the heart, involuntary, striated, intercalated disks

  11. Nervous tissue • Contain neurons (1 trillion on average) • 3 parts: axon, cell body, dendrite • Functions in sensory input, integration of data, and motor output • Neuroglia – support and nourish neurons • Microglia - phagocyte • Astroglia – provide nutrients • Oligodendroglia – form myelin in brain

  12. Organs and organ systems • Organ – 2 or more types of tissues working together to perform the same function • Organ system – organs working together to carry out a process

  13. Skin • Largest organ • Functions for protection and thermoregulation • Contains receptors that monitor touch, pressure, temperature and pain • Epidermis • Dermis • subcutaneous

  14. Epidermis • Stratified squamous • Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands • Skin cells are pushed to surface of skin and slough off • Melanocytes – cells that produce melanin, pigment, UV rays induce production (vit.D) • Basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma are types of skin cancer

  15. Dermis and Subcutaneous • Contains collagen and elastic fibers • Overstretching due to fast weight gain can cause stretch marks • Blood vessels and sensory receptors • Subcutaneous – not true part of skin, source of energy, produces padding, overall rounded appearance

  16. Accessory organs of the skin • Nails – protective covering, can be useful medically • hair – begin in dermis, extend out of epidermis, dead, hardened epidermal cells • Each follicle has an oil gland that when clogged, produces white heads or black heads (oxidized sebum) • Glands – sweat (sudoriferous)

  17. Organ systems • 2 main body cavities: • Dorsal (cranial and vertebral cavity) • Ventral (thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity)

  18. Homeostasis • Maintaining and internal balance • Negative feedback – keeps a variable close to a particular value ex. – body temp. • Positive feedback – brings a greater change in the same direction ex. Oxytocin and birth

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