Homeostasis and Animal behavior review

1. Homeostasis and Animal behavior review

2. Name that behavior • Ducklings learn to follow the first moving object they see after they hatch • An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.

3. answers • Imprinting • Classical conditioning

4. Name that Behavior • A female bird knows where she built her nest based on her physical surroundings, if those surroundings are moved, she cannot find the nest • Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.

5. answers • Spatial learning • Classical conditioning

6. Name that behavior • Mayflies drop their eggs when they encounter a certain pattern of light polarization that would indicate they are over water, even if they are not over water • Fruit flies slow down their movement when placed in a container with ethanol • Fruit flies move toward the bright light • When prairie dog towns are located near trails used by humans, giving alarm calls every time a person walks by is a waste of time and energy for the group • Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt

7. answers • Fixed action pattern • Kinesis • Taxis • Habituation • Operant conditioning

8. Name that behavior • A rat was set in a maze filled with water and had to swim. To survive, it had to find a platform which was just a few centimeters under the water. Some milk was added to the water to remove the transparency. In over 90% of the test cases, the rat found the previously learned platform immediately from different starting points. When the platform was moved secretly during the experiment, the rat first swam to the place where the platform should have been, then started searching everywhere. • Octopus opens a jar with food inside

9. answers • Cognitive mapping • Problem solving

10. Name the type of signal used in communication (auditory, visual, chemical, tactile) • Noctural animals • Diurnal animals • Female fruit flies release chemicals detected by male • Males tap female abdomen during fruit fly courtship • Male fruit flies produce a courtship song • Use of olfactory bulbs

11. answers • Auditory and chemical • Could use all, mostly visual and tactile • Chemical • Tactile • Auditory • chemical

12. True or False • How a behavior occurs is a “proximate cause” • Magnetite in head triggers nerve impulses that helps with migration in some organisms • Circadian rhythms can help with migration • Drones are affected by the queen’s pheromones only when they are in the hive • Pheromones must be released in large amounts to be detected • Pheromones are used for reproductive purposes only • For s (sitter) gene exists in high frequencies when the fruit fly population density is low • Animals can learn to link any stimulus with a given behavior • Animal behavior is so complex, it must be controlled by many genes

13. answers • True • True • True • False • False • False • True • False • false

14. Monogamous or polygamous (polyandry, polygyny) • Many females, one male • many males, one female • One male, one female • More care is given to the young • Agonistic behavior demonstrated • Intrasexual selection more common • Intersexual selection more common • More dimorphic • Less dimorphic • Altruism demonstrated • Reciprocal altruism demonstrated

15. answers • Polygyny • Polyandry • Monogamy • Monogamy • Polyandry maybe monogamy • Polyandry maybe others • Polygyny maybe others • Any polygamy • Monogamy • Any • Any

16. Which organisms use the following to maximize exchange with environment • Pseudopods • Interstitial fluid • Gastrovascular cavity • Flat body • Internal folding of systems

17. answers • Amoeba • Advanced multicellular • Cnidarian (jellyfish or sea anemone) • Tapeworm or flatworm • Multicellular (usually more advanced)

18. What level(s) of biological organization • Heart • Neuron • Enzyme • Carbon • Digestive system • Amoeba • Muscle • Germ layers • Blue whale

19. answers • Organ • Cell • Molecule • Element • System • Organism • Tissue • Tissue • organism

20. Endocrine or nervous • Contribute to homeostasis • Coordinating gradual changes • Signal travels to a target cell • Signal travels along a particular communication line • Signal broadcasted throughout the entire body • Controls fast locomotion and behavior

21. answers • Both • Endocrine • Nervous (could be both) • Nervous • Endocrine • nervous

22. Temperature drop or rise? • Shivering • Blood vessel constriction • Blood vessel dilation • Sweating • Panting

23. answers • Drop • Drop • Rise • Rise • Rise

24. Endotherm, ectotherm, regulator, conformor, homeotherm, poikilotherm • Terrestrial snake (use environment to control temperature) • Tropical marine fish (use environment to control temperature) • Bat (uses metabolism to control temperature- will change temperature) • Human (uses metabolism to control temperature)

25. answers • Ectotherm, conformer, poikilotherm • Ectotherm, conformer, homeotherm • Endotherm, regulator, poikilotherm • Endotherm, regulator, homeotherm

26. Innate (1st or 2nd ; cellular or chemical) or acquired (cell mediated or humoral) • Immunoglobulin • Cytokines • Macrophages • Plasma cells • Skin • complement • neutrophils • Interferons • T-cells • histamine

27. answers • 3, humoral • 2 and 3 mediated and humoral • 2 cellular • 3 humoral • 1 • 2 chemical • 2 cellular • 2 chemical • 3 mediated • 2 chemical

28. Passive or active • Antibodies from mom to fetus • Antibodies from mom to infant breast feeding • Vaccination • Direct contact with pathogen • antivenom

29. answers • Passive natural • Passive natural • Active artificial • Active natural • Passive artificial

30. B cell or T cells (helper or cytotoxic) • Plasma cells • Contains two heavy chains and two light chains on receptors • Contains variable region and constant region on receptors • Has two antigen binding sites • Has one antigen binding site • Has a transmembrane region • Presents using class II MHC • Produces perforin • Produces memory cells • Binds directly to cell presenting with MHC I • Binds to antigen presenting cell presenting with MHC II • CD4 • CD8

31. answers • B cells • B cell receptors • B cell and T cell receptors • B cell receptors • T cell receptors • B and T cell receptors • B cells • T cells cytotoxic • All lymphocytes (B, helper, and cytotoxic) • T cells cytotoxic • T cells helper • T cells helper • T cells cytotoxic

32. Salt water, fresh water, terrestrial, temporary waters • Anhydrobiosis • Excrete salt and through gills • Coverings to prevent dehydration • Excretion of dilute urine • Excretion of highly concentrated urine • Water enters through food • Make water through metabolism • Hyperosmotic to environment • Hypoosmotic to environment • Osmoregulator • osmoconformor

33. answers • Temporary waters • Salt water • Terrestrial • Freshwater • Salt water • Freshwater • Terrestrial • Freshwater • Salt water and terrestrial • Freshwater mostly • Salt water mostly

34. Function of: • Glomerulus • Kidney • Nephron • Ureter • Loop of Henle • Bowman’s capsule • Bladder • Urethra • Collecting duct

35. answers • Push solutes into the bowman’s capsule (no large proteins or red blood cells) • Filter blood • Reabsorbing water and nutrients, filtrating solutes, and secreting waste • Takes urine from kidney to bladder • Lowers water potential of the medulla • Takes in solutes from the glomerulus • Stores urine • Takes urine from the bladder to the “outside” • Transports concentrated urine to the ureter

36. What part of the nephron is • Impermeable to water • Contains red blood cells • Contains urea • Reabsorbs material • Transports glucose and salt

37. answers • Thin and thick ascending limb • Glomerulus • Collecting duct • Capillaries • Proximal tubule

38. Depolarization, repolarization, or rest potential • Sodium channels closed • Potassium channels closed • Sodium/potassium pump “working” • High concentration of sodium inside of the cell • High concentration of sodium outside of the cell • High concentration of potassium inside of the cell • High concentration of potassium outside of the cell

39. answers • Repolarization • Depolarization • Resting potential • Depolarization • Resting potential • Resting potential • repolarization

40. Place in order • Effector • Sensory neuron • Interneuron • Sensor • Motor neurons • Integration • Affector • Sensory input • Motor input *which are part of the peripheral nervous system? Central nervous system?

41. answers • Sensory input, sensor, affector, sensory neuron, interneuron, integration, motor neuron, motor input, effector • Only the interneurons and integration are part of the central nervous system

42. Name that neurotransmitter • Muscle contractions • Flight or flight response • Sleep • Attention • Learning • Appetite • mood

43. answers • Acetocholine • Epinephrine • Dopamine and serotonin • Dopamine • Dopamine • Seratonin • Dopamine and seratonin

44. Name that signaling molecule/type (hormones, paracrine, autocrine, neurotransmitters, water-solute, lipid-soluble, glucagon, insulin, pheromones) • Released at a synaptic cleft • Diffuse into blood stream • Released into external environment • Triggers response to “self” • Triggers response to nearby cells • Can enter through the cell membrane • Cannot enter through the cell membrane (binds to surface receptors) • Triggers the removal of glucose from blood • Triggers the breakdown of glycogen • Triggers the building of glycogen in liver

45. answers • Neurotransmitters • Hormones • Pheromones • Autocrine • Paracrine • lipid-soluble • Water-soluble • Insulin • Glucagon • insulin

46. How does the following affect transpiration • Stomatal density • Light • Temperature • Wind • Humidity • Presence of stomata and location

47. answers • Increase if high • Increase (H+ pump activate) • Increase or decrease (too high or too low) • Increase • High humidity- decrease • If stomata on top---higher transpiration

48. Stomata open (opening) or closed (closing)? • Abscisic acid • High turgor pressure in guard cells • H+ actively transported out of guard cells • K+ enter guard cells • Water potential in guard cells lowered • Depletion of carbon dioxide in airspaces of leaf • Droughts • Evaporative cooling • light

49. answers • Close • Open • Open • Open • Open- if water rushes in (or closed if water does not rush in) • Open • Close • Open • open

50. Paternal, maternal, or both • Anther • Stigma • Polar-nuclei cell • Endosperm • Egg • Generative cell • Sperm • Pollen tube cell • Embryo • Pollen tube • micropyle