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Explore the fascinating world of nuclear chemistry, diving into nuclear reactions versus normal chemical changes, types of radiation, stability, decay processes, half-life concepts, fission, fusion, and more. Learn to write nuclear equations and understand mass defect and energy conversion.
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Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear ≠ Nucluar
Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes • Nuclear reactions involve the nucleus • Protons and neutrons are rearranged • Releases a tremendous amount of energy– called binding energy • “Normal” Chemical Reactions involve electrons, not protons and neutrons
Types of Radiation • Alpha (ά) – a helium isotope • Beta (β) – an electron • Gamma (γ) – pure energy; called a ray rather than a particle
Other Types of Particles • Neutron • Proton • Elements will correspond to their bottom number/number of protons • Eg:
or alpha particle - 212Po 4He + AX 2 Z 84 212Po 4He + 208Pb 2 82 84 4a 4He 2 2 212Po decays by alpha emission. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the decay of 212Po. 212 = 4 + A A = 208 84 = 2 + Z Z = 82 23.1
14C 14N + 0b 6 7 -1 40K 40Ca + 0b 19 20 -1 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay Beta decay Decrease # of neutrons by 1 Increase # of protons by 1 23.2
55Fe + 0e 55Mn + n 26 25 -1 1p + 0e 1n + n 1 0 -1 212Po 4He + 208Pb 2 82 84 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay Increase # of neutrons by 1 Decrease # of protons by 1 Alpha decay Decrease # of neutrons by 2 Decrease # of protons by 2
Learning Check What radioactive isotope is produced in the following bombardment of boron? 10B + 4He ? + 1n 5 2 0
Learning Check What radioactive isotope is produced in the following bombardment of boron? 10B + 4He 13N + 1n 5 2 7 0
Write Nuclear Equations! Write the nuclear equation for the beta emitter Co-60. 60Co0e +??27 -1 ?
Half-Life • HALF-LIFE is the time that it takes for 1/2 a sample to decompose.
Half-Life Decay of 20.0 mg of 15O. What remains after 3 half-lives? After 5 half-lives?
Sample question • How much U-238 is left over if a 100 gram sample undergoes 8 half lives?
Learning Check! The half life of I-123 is 13 hr. How much of a 64 mg sample of I-123 is left after 39 hours?
Last learning check • What fraction of an unknown mass of Iodine, which has a half life of 8 hours, would you expect to be left after 72 hours?
Nuclear Fission • Larger and unstable nuclei being bombarded with particles and breaking into smaller nuclei and releasing energy at the same time.
Mass Defect • Some of the mass can be converted into energy • Shown by a very famous equation! E=mc2 Energy Mass Speed of light
Nuclear Fusion Fusion Small nuclei combine to make larger nuclei and release TONS of energy 2H + 3H 4He + 1n + Energy 1 1 2 0
Nuclear Fusion Fusion • Excessive heat can not be contained • Attempts at “cold” fusion have FAILED. • “Hot” fusion is difficult to contain
