What were the Long-Term Causes of the Cold War?

1. What were the Long-Term Causes of the Cold War? L/O – To identify the ideological differences and mutual suspicions that developed between the USA and USSR

2. Essential Questions to Be Answered for Discussions • What were the Long-Term Causes of the Cold War? • What were the main features of the Cold War ? • What were the origins of the CW ? (LTC 1917-1941) • Why did the CW begin ? ( STC , 1942-1945 ) • Who was to blame for the CW ?

3. What is meant by the Term Co;d War ? By John Mason , 1996 • The CW is a period of intense antagonism between the two superpowers – the United States and the Soviet Union – lasting from 1945 to 1991 . Because there was no direct armed conflict between the two continental giants the description remains an accurate one . Now that it is over , and we know the outcome , it is tempting to re –define the period of recent history as the “ long peace “ • Mason , J. The Cold War: 1945-1991 . London , UK. Routledge . P.ix

4. John Mason’s Value • Values • Definition of the main characteristics of CW • the meaning of the term ‘superpower “ • Limitations • Tone ( contentious long peace ) • The dates ? • Is it over? ( Venezuela, Trump Putin suspending roles in nuclear pacts )

5. Definition and Interpretations CW term used prior to 1947 • 14th century Spanish writer Don Juan Manuel , who distinguished between hot and cold wars when describing the conflict between Christendom and Islam • 19th century 1893, Eduard Bernstein, a German Marxist leader of the socialist SPD , described arms race between Germany and its neighbours , Britain, France and Russia . • 20th century In 1945 , American journalist, Walter Lippmann, described the relations between the US and the USSR after 1945

6. Adolf Hitler: Testament . April 1945 • “With the defeat of the Reich, there will remain in the world only two great powers capable of confronting each other: the United States and Soviet Russia. The laws of both history and geography will compel these two powers to a trial of strength , either military or in the field of economics and ideology. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZhgXs_iFRs&list=PLHiAMOiVIvsD2u8g0RLwvdRScEe9yiUr5 • Hitler min 8-11

7. Ms. Smith’s War of Words • Ideological chasm and dissent , from Allies into Nemeses, giant powers • Period of hostility, tension, mistrust, espionage, arms race, brinkmanship of Nuclear Holocaust, containment of red plague, witch hunt, hot points of the cold potion, tug of war, hot war on ice and on the stage, proxies , intelligence agencies, propaganda , fear …

8. War of Metaphors : Read the article at home CW as a metaphor • Tug of war( tensions, conflicts ) • Cold in the sense that relations between the main protagonists were paralyzed or frozen , and not so friendly or warm • Cold means the relations were bad ,but they were not so bad as to have led to a fully blown «  hot «  war in Europe. • However, it should be remembered that at different times this «  cold «  war also involved «  bloody hot wars”between the main players’ allies in regions beyond Europe

9. Briefly ?

10. What were the origins of the CW : Long term ( 1917-1941) vs Short Term Causes ( 1942 -1945 ) • 1. Competing ideologies • 2. Russian Revolution ( chasm ?) • 3. Nazi- Soviet Pact ( WWII, august 1939) • 4. Second Front delays by the Western Allies • 5. Yalta and Potsdam ( Potsdam = Treaty of Versailles ???) • 6. Atomic Bomb • 7. Satellites of Eastern Europe ( puppet states )

11. Why did the CW begin ? • 8. Two camp speeches • 9. Iron Curtain Discourse • 10 . Division of Germany ( quadro-tri-bi zonia ) • 11. Truman’s doctrine • 12. Marshall Plan • 13. Berlin Blocade • 14 . USSR atomic bombs • 15 . Respective competing alliances

12. Communism vs Capitalism • The USA and USSR were seen by many in the early 20th century as inevitable enemies. This was due to their fundamentally different political and economic systems. • The Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 saw communism established in Russia by Vladimir Lenin. • Communism or Marxism was based on the 19th century ideas of Karl Marx. Marx advocated a new type of government that promised a ‘classless’ society – this threatened the very existence of Western Capitalist Democracies like the USA.

13. The United States Capitalism • Individuals free to compete for profits (supply & demand) with minimum government interference almost LAISSEZ –Faire • Private ownership of the economy by a small group of individuals who make all key decisions concerning investment, production, and employment • Often called market or free enterprise economy • Influenced by ideas of Adam Smith (1776 Wealth of Nations) Liberal Democracy • Government chosen by the people – vote for a political party who best represents one’s views • Rights are protected: freedom of speech, press, assembly, information, religion, & peaceful protest

15. Marxism–Leninism

16. The enemies of Marxism–Leninism “If we mean that we are to hold Europe against communism, we must not budge [from Berlin]. I believe the future of democracy requires us to stay here, until forced out.”US Lieutenant-General Lucius D. Clay, 1948

17. In broad terms, • A communist society or Marxism-Leninism rejects private capitalism and private companies and the statecontrolsthe means or production. • To achieve an equal society, the state plans how resources are used and how the result of the production is distributed . • State control of the means of production is a necessary prerequisite in creating an equal and classless society. • Common ownership will guarantee both equality and wealth. • In USSR , it led to nationalisation of both land and companies without compensation to the previous owners

18. Workers of the World, UNITE • A worker in a capitalist society is exploited by the capitalists. • Consequently , a true Marxist wants to liberate oppressed workers in other countries. • THE REJECTION OF PRIVTE CAPITALISM AND A DESIRE TO LIBERATE OPPRESSED WORKERS IN OTHER COUNTRIES TERRIFIED CONSERVATIVE POLITICIANS IN WETSREN COUNTRIES . • THE RULING CLASSES SHOULD TREMBLE ACCORDING TO MARX

20. In a capitalist system • Private ownership and private companies are cornerstones of the society. • Competition and a free market produce wealth , and government intervention is normally seen as a negative thing. • Even though some state intervention maybe acceptable to secure a free market , it is entrepreneurship , trade that will guarantee prosperous economic development.

21. JUXTOPOSITION OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICS • The Americans wanted free trade between states to endorse economic growth and ship products to the consumers . • The policy was referred to as an “open door policy”. • From a Russian Point of view , this was only a new form imperialism. By creating economic dependence through the open door policy, the political life will be controlled later . The American demand for “ equal rights” was a DEMAND FOR ECONOMIC CONQUEST.

22. In simple terms ,capitalism • An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

23. Basics of Capitalism: • Capitalism is said to promote economic growth and the overall standard of living. • In other words, capitalism creates CAPITAL (money) …and lots of it.

24. What is capitalism? • Economic system. • Believes in individual ownership and competition. • The theory is that when everyone is selfish, it benefits everyone. • Adam Smith is “the” capitalist.

25. So…. • System of government is democratic • Property is privately owned • Driven by free enterprise • Wealth distributed unevenly • Education and health care provided by private entities • Freedom of the press • Class distinctions: upper class, middle class and working class • Focus is on the individual and his/her own progress in life

26. The ideology of capitalism • People need freedom • When people compete against one another, they achieve greater things • Some people have more than others because they make better use of their abilities • Governments should not interfere with the rights of individuals to make their own living • The government should interfere in the economy as little as possible

27. What’s good about capitalism? • Freedom, choice. • You can work wherever, buy whatever, and pretty much do whatever. • If you’re successful, you can be very successful. Think Bill Gates.

28. What’s bad about capitalism? • No “safety net.” • If you’re unsuccessful, you can be very unsuccessful. Think about the poor. • Big gap between rich and poor.

29. Going Places – 1948 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=moMdcdKFBw0

30. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZ4VzhIuKCQ

31. Marxism • Marx and Engels studied the history of the world’s economies Communism!!!! Socialism Capitalism • They believed they discovered an inevitable pattern Feudalism Basic Communism

32. So… • System of government is totalitarian • Property is owned by the state • No free enterprise is allowed • Wealth distributed equally • Education and health care provided by the state • Press controlled and owned by the state • Classless society: all members of society are considered to be equal • Focus is on the progress of the community as a whole

35. What’s good about communism? • Security, basic needs met. • Everyone would have a job, house, health care, etc.

36. What’s bad about communism? • Lack of choice • No reward for being a better worker or punishment for being a slacker. • Everyone expected to be the same.

37. Idealism vs. Self-Interest • The USA and USSR both believed that their political philosophy was ‘right’, and the best way to create a just society. • Each side believed that it offered the only true path to ‘peace, freedom, justice and plenty’ for all. • However behind the idealism, the USA and USSR were also motivated by their own self-interests and power politics.

39. Russian Revolution, 1917 Emergence of revolutionary Russia/USSR with imperative to spread communism worldwide

40. Western reaction, 1918–33

41. USSR’s defensive policy against Nazi Germany, 1933–39

42. USSR’s co-operation with Nazi Germany

43. Increasing Hostility: 1917-1939 • The intervention of the West in the Russian Civil War (1918-1922) supporting the conservative forces – the Whites – in their attempt to overthrow the Bolsheviks. • The USSR did not receive recognition nor was allowed to join the League of Nations until the 1930s. • The appeasement of Hitler by the West in the 1930s was partly motivated by fear of Soviet Communism. • The Non-Aggression Pact (Nazi-Soviet Pact) between the USSR and Nazi Germany in 1939 allowed Hitler to concentrate on attacking the West.

44. What was the significance of Stalin? • Another problem for many in the West was the nature of Stalin’s Russia. ‘Stalinism’ was a particular brand of Communism that was seen as evil at the time. • Stalin ruled as a dictator. His policies included ruthless collectivisation which led to the deaths of millions. His ‘five-year plans’ improved industry so he could defeat Nazi Germany. • In the 1930s, Stalin launched the ‘Great Terror’ which resulted in purges of all political opponents as well as millions of ordinary people, most of whom died.

45. What was the significance of Stalin? • By 1945, Stalinism seemed poised to take-over Europe. It meant: • The dominance of Stalin over the party, and the party over state institutions • A powerful state security machine • The ruthless maintenance of power by the elimination of opposing leaders, groups or entire sections of the population • The development of a regime associated with paranoia and violence.

46. Stalin’s Role in World War Two • Stalin had hoped to delay an attack from Nazi Germany by signing the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact. • However in June 1941, Hitler invaded the USSR. Operation Barbarossa was the biggest military operation in history. • The Red Army was pushed back, Ukraine was overrun and Moscow threatened. However the Soviets fought back, and after victory at Stalingrad in 1943, the Nazis were pushed back. • Stalin’s victory over Nazi Germany made him more secure and put the USSR in a position to emerge as one of the leading powers in the post-war world.

48. WWII Nazi-Soviet Pact - August 1939 Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler – to last 10 years Secretly agreed to attack and divide Poland between them (occurred Sept. 1939) Lasted until June 1941 – when Nazis attacked SU in Operation Barbarossa

49. The Second Front Delay After joining the Allies in 1942, Stalin pushed US & Britain to open a 2nd front Did not occur until June 1944 – Stalin suspicious Allies wanted Nazis to kill as many Soviets as possible (80% of Nazis Military resources thrown at SU) Catastrophic losses – Stalingrad 99% of city destroyed, 2 million deaths Nazis withdrew after 200 days – turning point in the war for the Allies

50. Déjà –vu ?