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Overview

Overview. 3 empirically based cultural dimensions A cultural map of the world Pace of cultural change Relations of culture to social structure, national policies, democracy, & development. CULTURAL DIMENSIONS: PROTOTYPICAL STRUCTURE. Ideal Individual / Group Relationship.

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Overview

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  1. Overview • 3 empirically based cultural dimensions • A cultural map of the world • Pace of cultural change • Relations of culture to social structure, national policies, democracy, & development

  2. CULTURAL DIMENSIONS: PROTOTYPICAL STRUCTURE Ideal Individual / Group Relationship People:role players embedded in groups Individuals inde-pendent actors

  3. CULTURAL DIMENSIONS: PROTOTYPICAL STRUCTURE Ideal way to elicit productive, cooperative, activity in society Hierarchical alloca-tion roles/resources legitimate/desirable • Socialize: Others morally equal • transcend selfish interests • cooperate voluntarily

  4. CULTURAL DIMENSIONS: PROTOTYPICAL STRUCTURE Regulate use of human and natural resources fit harmoniously, avoid change & self-assertion master, control, change through assertive action

  5. Data and Sources • 77 cultural groups, 74 countries, N=55,022 • Dominant cultural group: average of teachers & students in most • 45 value items with near equivalent meaning in within-country analyses • a priori items to index 7 orientations validated in culture level analysis

  6. Cultural Map of World Regions EMBEDDEDNESS HARMONY Muslim Middle East & Sub-Saharan Africa East-Central & Baltic Europe Prot/Cath EGALITARIANISM South & South East Asia East Europe Orthodox West Europe Latin America INTELLECTUAL AUTONOMY Confucian English Speaking HIERARCHY AFFECTIVE AUTONOMY MASTERY

  7. Correlates of Cultural Orientations Controlling GNPpc, 50+ Countries • % GNPpc spent on health Aut, Egal, on defense Mast, Hier • Govt. accountability, antitrust enforcement, protecting investors’ rights Aut, Egal • Graft, corruption in business Emb, Hier • unemployment benefits, social security benefits Aut, Egal, Harm • #times military acts used as primary response in foreign policy crisis 1945-2001 Mast • Level of internal violence in country Mast, Hier • Competitiveness vs cooperativeness of capitalism Mast, Hier

  8. Culture Affects Political & Economic Change • Path analyses • Aut/Emb & Egal/Hier predict change in democracy ’85-’95-’02 & mediates effect of country wealth • Aut/Emb predicts change in GNIpc 1993-2004 (democracy does not) • Cultural distance influences international investment flows (e.g., 1σ Egal distance 16% drop)

  9. Change in Cultural Values • 21 countries, 36 Sample pairs • Average interval 7.1 yrs. (during 1988-99) • Countries undergoing major social change (China, Hong Kong, Poland, Hungary) • Correlations range .85 to .90 Relative Positions of Countries Change Slowly • Variance across samples unchanged on 7 orient. No sign of cultural convergence

  10. Conclusions • Cultural orientations inferred from mean values of individuals in societies have meaningful associations • World composed of cultural regions, linked by history, geography, economics, religion, etc. • Cultural value orientations influence important societal policies & practices • Slow change in basic cultural value orientations & no evidence for convergence • Cultural value orientations reciprocally cause key social structural & political features of society

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