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Impact of Cell Phones and Passengers on Driving Behavior: Simulation Study

Explore driver behavior while conversing on cell phones with passengers reacting, using a driving simulator lab setup. Findings show significant differences in reaction times and hazards recognition based on experimental groups. Study participants navigated hazards like busy intersections and one-lane bridges while conversing or handling distractions. The experiment design included control, passenger, cell phone, and remote passenger groups, with distinct driving difficulty levels and crash frequencies. Notably, the landslip hazard was most memorable, affecting driving challenges. The study highlights the influence of distractions on driving safety, shedding light on the risks associated with cell phone use and passenger interactions during driving simulations.

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Impact of Cell Phones and Passengers on Driving Behavior: Simulation Study

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  1. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab Driving while conversing Cell phones that distract and passengers who react 報告者：楊子群 Traffic & Road Safety Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New ZealandTransport Engineering Research New Zealand Ltd., PO Box 97846, South Auckland Mail Centre, New Zealand

  2. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab • Sample : 119 participant. • Remove 7 participant. • Mechanical failures(5) • Eyestrain or dizziness(2) • Of the 64 participants.(the other 48 served as conversors for the drivers) • 87% indicated they owned a cell phone. • Converse as they drove :78.6% • (51.8% used it weekly or more often) • Cell phone to send and receive text messages while they drove:66.1% • (51.8% used it weekly or more often) Experiment 1 Participants

  3. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab • Complete automobile.(BMW 314i) • Three angled projection surface. • Four speaker located inside the car. • A digital video camera. Experiment 1 Apparatus

  4. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab 5 Hazard 1 overtaking lane Experiment 1 Simulation scenario

  5. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab • Between subjects. • Independent Variable • 4 Group(16 Participants, 50% male) • Randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups. • Dependent Variable • Mean seed • Mean deceleration RT(sec) • Mean deceleration TTC(sec) • Mean utterance length • Mean number of pauses • Mean % SA utterances • Mean % hazards recalled • Driving Difficulty • Total number of crashes • Percent of drivers Experiment 1 1.Control 2.Passenger 3.Cell phone 4.Remote passenger Experiment design

  6. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab • [Step1] Introduction • [Step2]Consent agreement • [Step3] Brief questionnaire about background and cell phone use. • [Step4] Short practice. • [Step5] Participants in Groups 2 to 4 then self-selected which the pair. • Can any topics,conversation card be used of no topics. • [Step6] experiment(24min) • [Step7] asked to rate the difficulty of driving the simulated on a 7-point scale • 1=easy 7=extremely Experiment 1 Procedure

  7. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab -Vehicle speeds(1/3) Experiment 1 Results Significant difference

  8. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab -Vehicle speeds(2/3) Unuivariate analyses at each hazard site showed significant group differences: Hazard 1(busy intersection) Hazard 3(one-lane bridge) Hazard 4(road works) Hazard 5(landslip) Experiment 1 Results

  9. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab -Vehicle speeds(3/3) Experiment 1 Results

  10. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab -Reaction time and time-to-collision(1/3) Mean deceleration RT Mean deceleration TTC Experiment 1 Results

  11. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab -Reaction time and time-to-collision(2/3) One-way multivariate analysis id variance for four group. Four remaining hazard sites(Hazards2-5) indicated a significant effect. (p<0.01) Univariate analyses of the two deceleration measures significant differences: Hazards3 Hazards4 Hazards5 Experiment 1 Results

  12. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab 3 2 1 Significantly Significantly -Reaction time and time-to- collision(3/3) Experiment 1 A A A A Good=>short No Significantly B B B B B B Results A>B A>B Significantly A A A A Good=>long B B B B B B A>B A>B A>B

  13. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab -Discourse measures愛 Experiment 1 Post hoc comparisons Significantly A A A A Results C C A B B B B B A>B A > B > C

  14. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab Post hoc comparisons Significantly -Difficulty ratings, hazard recall, and crashes Post hoc comparisons Significantly A Experiment 1 A B No Significantly B A>B Results Most memorable hazard for the participants was the landslip. Perhaps this was the last to appear. A>B

  15. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab -Difficulty ratings, hazard recall, and crashes occurring at Hazard 3(one-lane bridge) – 61.9% Hazard 2(parked car entering traffic)-33.3% Experiment 1 Chi-square analysis . Significant difference between the four groups. B A>B A Results

  16. Driving Behavior Simulation Lab -Overtaking No significant differences in speeds measured at four point. (control、passenger、cell phone、Remote passenger) Optimal number that could be safely overtaken was two vehicles. Experiment 1 Results 68.8% 50% Chi-square analysis . Marginally Significant difference

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