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Chapter 10, part A

Chapter 10, part A. Sensory Physiology. About this Chapter. What are the senses How sensory systems work Body sensors and homeostatic maintenance Sensing the external environment Mechanisms and pathways to perception. General Properties of Sensory Systems. Stimulus Internal External

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Chapter 10, part A

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  1. Chapter 10, part A Sensory Physiology

  2. About this Chapter • What are the senses • How sensory systems work • Body sensors and homeostatic maintenance • Sensing the external environment • Mechanisms and pathways to perception

  3. General Properties of Sensory Systems • Stimulus • Internal • External • Energy source • Receptors • Sense organs • Transducer • Afferent pathway • CNS integration

  4. General Properties of Sensory Systems Figure 10-4: Sensory pathways

  5. Sensory Receptor Types • Simple receptors • Complex neural • Special senses • Chemoreceptors • Mechanoreceptors • Thermoreceptors • Photoreceptors

  6. Sensory Receptor Types Figure 10-1: Sensory receptors

  7. Special Senses – External Stimuli • Vision • Hearing • Taste • Smell • Equilibrium

  8. Special Senses – External Stimuli Figure 10-4: Sensory pathways

  9. Somatic Senses – Internal Stimuli • Touch • Temperature • Pain • Itch • Proprioception • Pathway Figure 10-10: The somatosensory cortex

  10. Somatic Pathways • Receptor • Threshold • Action potential • Sensory neurons • Primary – medulla • Secondary – thalamus • Tertiary – cortex • Integration • Receptive field • Multiple levels

  11. Somatic Pathways Figure 10-9: Sensory pathways cross the body’s midline

  12. Sensory Modality • Location • Lateral inhibition • Receptive field • Intensity • Duration • Tonic receptors • Phasic receptors • Adaptation

  13. Sensory Modality Figure 10-3: Two-point discrimination

  14. Sensory Modality Figure 10-6: Lateral inhibition

  15. Touch (pressure) • Mechanoreceptors • Free nerve endings • Pacinian corpuscles • Ruffini corpuscles • Merkel receptors • Meisaner's corpuscles • Barroreceptors

  16. Touch (pressure) Figure 10-11: Touch-pressure receptors

  17. Temperature • Free nerve endings • Cold receptors • Warm receptors • Pain receptors • Sensory coding: • Intensity • Duration

  18. Temperature Figure 10-7: Sensory coding for stimulus intensity and duration

  19. Pain and Itching • Nociceptors • Reflexive path • Itch • Fast pain • Slow pain

  20. Pain and Itching Figure 10-12: The gate control theory of pain modulation

  21. Chapter 10, part B Sensory Physiology

  22. Referred Pain • Ischemia • Other visceral pain • Modulation • Thalamus • Gate control • Magnification • Analgesic drugs • Aspirin • Opiates

  23. Referred Pain Figure 10-13: Referred pain

  24. Olfactor: Sense of Smell • Olfactory cell • Chemoreceptor • Olfactory cilia • Olfactory bulb • Olfactory nerve • CNS integration • Amygdala • Hippocampus • Olfactory

  25. Olfactor: Sense of Smell Figure 10-14a, b: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Olfaction

  26. Olfactor: Sense of Smell Figure 10-14c: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Olfaction

  27. Taste: Chemoreceptors • 5 Tastes • Taste buds • Taste cells • Mechanism • Transduction • Integration • Thalamus • Gustatory cortex • "Specific hunger" Figure 10-16: Summary of taste transduction

  28. Hearing: Mechanoreceptors • Sound waves • Conduction • Air • Bone • Fluid • Membranes • To hair cell

  29. Hearing: Mechanoreceptors Figure 10-19: Sound transmission through the ear

  30. Hearing: Hair Cell Transduction • Fluid wave moves • Tectoral membrane • Steriocilia move • Ion channels open • Depolarization • NT release • Sensory nerve AP

  31. Hearing: Hair Cell Transduction Figure 10-20: The cochlea

  32. Hearing: Hair Cell Transduction Figure 10-21: Signal transduction in hair cells

  33. Hearing: Integration and Problems • Pitch • Intensity • Localization • Integration • Medulla • Thalamus • Auditory cortex • Deafness • Conductive • Sensorineural Figure 10-5: Localization of sound

  34. Hearing: Integration and Problems Figure 10-22: Sensory coding for pitch

  35. Chapter 10, part C Sensory Physiology

  36. Equilibrium: Mechanoreceptor • Body balance • Body position • Body movement • Propioceptors • Vision • Vestibular apparatus

  37. Equilibrium: Mechanoreceptor • Integration • Medulla • Cerebellum • Thalamus • Cortex Figure 10-26: Central nervous system pathways for equilibrium

  38. Equilibrium: Vestibular Apparatus • Otolith organs • Gravity • Calcite crystals • Hair cells • Semicircular canals • Fluid moves • Cristae • Cupula • Hair cells

  39. Equilibrium: Vestibular Apparatus Figure 10-23a, b: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Vestibular Apparatus

  40. Equilibrium: Vestibular Apparatus Figure 10-23c, d: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Vestibular Apparatus

  41. Vision: Photoreceptors • Reflected light translated into mental image • Pupil limits light, lens focuses light • Retinal rods and cones are photoreceptors Figure 10-36: Photoreceptors in the fovea

  42. Photoreception and Local Integration • Rods – night vision • Cones – color & details • Bipolar & ganglion cells converge, integrate APs

  43. Photoreception and Local Integration Figure 10-35: ANATOMY SUMMARY: The Retina

  44. Retina: More Detail • Rod cells: monochromatic • Cone cells: red, green, & blue • Discs: visual pigments • Pigmented epithelium • Melanin granules • Prevents reflection

  45. Retina: More Detail Figure 10-38: Photoreceptors: rods and cones

  46. Phototransduction • Photons "bleach" opsin, retinal released, cascade, Na+ channel closes, K+ opens , hyperpolarization • Reduces NT release

  47. Phototransduction Figure 10-40: Phototransduction in rods

  48. Vision: Integration of Signals to Perception • Bipolar • Ganglion • Movement • Color • Optic nerve • Optic chiasm • Optic tract • Thalamus • Visual cortex Figure 10-29b, c: Neural pathways for vision and the papillary reflex

  49. Summary • Sensory pathway: receptor, sensory neuron(s) & CNS • Somatic senses: touch, temperature, pain & proprioception communicate body information to CNS • Special senses: taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, & vision • Outside conditions for CNS integration into perception • Receptors transduce mechanical, chemical or photon energy into GPs then to APs

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