Chapter Twenty-Two

1. Chapter Twenty-Two World War I, 1914—1920

2. Part One: Introduction

3. Chapter Focus Questions • How did America’s international role expand? • How did the United States move from neutrality to participation in the Great War? • How did the United States mobilize the society and the economy for war? • How did Americans express dissent and how was it repressed? • Why did Woodrow Wilson fail to win the peace?

4. Part Two: American Communities

5. Vigilante Justice in Bisbee, Arizona • Industrial Workers of the World (“Wobblies”) • Bisbee, Arizona. • Vigilantism. • 2,000 under armed guard. • No action. • No unions, no immigrants.

6. Part Three: Becoming a World Power

7. Roosevelt: The Big Stick • God-given. • “Big stick”. • Panama Canal. • Monroe Doctrine expansion. • “Open Door”. • Russo-Japanese War.

8. Taft: Dollar Diplomacy • Taft. • “Dollar diplomacy”. • Military interventions. • Japan /Chinese railroads.

10. Wilson: Moralism and Realism in Mexico • Woodrow Wilson. • Favored Open Door. • American capitalism moral. • Troops to Mexico. • U.S. troops leave Mexico.

11. Part Four: The Great War

12. The Guns of August • Britain-Germany competition. • The Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary • The Triple Entente: England, France, and Russia • Small advances/major entanglements. • Archduke Ferdinand. • Austria pushed to retaliate. • Serbia Russia protectorate. • Serbia attacked, Russia and Alliance retaliate.

13. American Neutrality • Americans neutral. • Old World ties. • Propaganda. • Economic ties. • Wilson opposed blockade. • Allies trade increases.

14. Preparedness and Peace • Britain waters a war zone. • Lusitania. • Wilson mobilizes • Wilson re-election.

15. Safe for Democracy • 1917 submarine warfare. • Wilson breaks German ties. • Mexico-Germany. • Zimmerman note. • Ships armed. • U-boats sank 7 merchant ships. • April 6, 1917, Congress declared war.

16. Part Five: American Mobilization

17. Selling the War • George Creel. • Committee on Public Information. • The CPI: • published literature • sponsored huge rallies • portrayed America as a unified moral community • Germans bestial monsters

18. Fading Opposition to War • Progressives-intellectuals. • Suffrage leaders. • Minority anti-war.

19. “You’re in the Army Now” • Draft. • 10 million register. • Democratic equality among troops.

20. Racism in the Military • Blacks separated. • Non-combat. • Heroic. • French respect.

21. Americans in Battle • Shipping. • End hastened. • Americans defend Paris. • Armistice forced. • 112,000 die, half from disease.

23. Part Six: Over Here

24. Organizing the Economy • Ultimate progressive crusade. • War Industries Board • Bernard Baruch. • Herbert Hoover. • Daylight saving time. • Taxes. • Liberty Bonds.

25. The Business of War • Industrialists’ profits. • Mass production. • Golden age-high demand, high profits. • Business-government partnership • RCA. • Higher Government presence.

26. Labor and the War • Wartime labor shortage. • National War Labor Board (NWLB). • Immigration eased. • Radical IWW destroyed.

27. Women at Work • Women worked. • Women in Industry Service. • Women earned less. • War over, women fired..

28. Woman Suffrage • Women’s suffrage. • Carrie Chapman Catt. • Alice Paul. • Nineteenth amendment.

29. The Vote for Women

30. Prohibition • Temperance movement: • anti-German feeling • conserve grain • moral fervor • Eighteenth amendment.

31. Public Health • public health issues. • Soldiers’ moral health. • Flu epidemic. • Clinics.

32. Part Seven: Repression and Reaction

33. Muzzling Dissent:The Espionage and Sedition Acts • The Espionage Act of June 1917: • Military Intelligence police. • Bureau of Intelligence. • Sedition Act. • SCOTUS.

34. The Great Migration • Mass African- American. • Kinship and community networks. • Lower-paid jobs.

35. Racial Tensions • Racial violence. • Lynching. • White outrage. • African Americans disillusioned. • Sense of militancy.

36. Labor Strife • Peace in Europe. • Postwar labor unrest: • inflation • non-recognition of unions • poor working conditions • concerns about job security • In 1919, 3,600. • Steel strike.

37. Part Eight: An Uneasy Peace

38. The Fourteen Points • Settlement. • Britain, France, Italy, and the United States. • Fourteen Points. • League of Nations.

39. Wilson in Paris • Little idealism shared. • Self-determination . • Former German colonies. • Germany: $33 billion. • Wilson unhappy. • Pleased w/ League of Nations.

40. I • Open covenants of peace…in the public view.

41. II • Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas….

42. III • The removal…of all economic barriers…

43. IV • Adequate guarantees….that national armaments will be reduced….

44. V • …impartial adjustment of all colonial claims…interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight…

45. VI • The evacuation of all Russian territory… for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy…

46. VII • Belgium...must be evacuated and restored…

47. VIII • French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored…Alsace-Lorraine...should be righted…

48. IX • A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality.

49. X • The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity to autonomous development.

50. XI • Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated…